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But strew his ashes to the zvind, 

Whose s-zi'ord or voice has served mankind, 

And is Jie dead, zvhose crjorioiis mind 

Lifts Jiim on JiighF 
To live in hearts vje leave hdiind, 

Is not to die. 



PUBLISHERvS' NOTE. 



A NUMBER of letters and material have been re- 
ceived of a genealogical nature, with requests to in- 
corporate the same into this work. It is to be re- 
gretted that this cannot be done, as the object of this 
work is simply to preserve and perpetuate the names 
and biographical history of the most notable mem- 
bers of this family name. 

The preservation of such a record cannot fail to 
prove invaluable and a source of pride and interest 
not only to persons of the name but to the world in 
general; and this book may prove the foundation upon 
which a monumental work mav be constructed. 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY 

OF THE 

N A M E 

OF 



BUTLER 



TTITII 



BIOGRAPHIES OF ALL THE MOST NOTED 
PERSONS OF THAT NAME. 



AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN OF 
SURNAMES AND FORENAMES 

TOGETHER WITH 

Om nVE HUNDI^ED CHF^ISTI(!N mi^'^ OF m^ (^^D ^O^MEX 

AJVn THEIR SIGNIFICANCE 



THE CRESCEMT FAMILY RECORD 



"To live ill hecwis ice leai-e heliind is not to die. 



CHtCAGd, ILT.- 

AMERICAN PUBLISHERS' ASSOCIATIOX 
1905 



^ '-J -\ u ^ 






smsm^mm^m 




COJN^TEIN'Tg. 



Frontispiece. ----- Vase of Flowers. 

Introduction, -----...-_ 

Illustration, . . . , .. Coats-of-Arms. 

Origin and History' of the Family Name, 

The First of the Name in America, 

Principal Branches of the Famih', .... - 

Historical and Biographical, - - - - 33 

Origin of the Surname, _ . . . . - 49 

Origin of the Forename, - - ~ - 81 

Genealogy, ..._.„.. .93 
Heraldr}', -------- 94- 

Illustration of Camp-Fire Cliats, - - - 9S 

Patriotic Societies of the United States, - - 99 
Forenames of ^Men and Their Significance, - - 103 
Forenames of Women and Their Significance, - 109 
The Crescent Family Records, - - - -113 



liN^TROOUCTION. 



NOW that we all have surnames, we are apt to for- 
get that it was not alwa3's so. We cannot eas- 
ily realize the time Avhen John, Thomas and Andrew, 
Mary and Abigail, were each satisfied with a single 
name, nor reflect that the use of two is not a refine- 
ment dating from an obscure and unknown antiquity, 
but quite within the reach of record and history. 

Every name, no doubt, originally had a meaning, 
or w^as at first assumed or imposed from its real or 
supposed fitness, from some accidental circumstance, 
or from mere caprice. Each individual is distinguished 
from his fellows by his name. But for this system his- 
tory and biography could scarcely exist. 

Our proper name is our individuality; in our own 
thoughts and in the thoughts of those who know us, 
they cannot be vSeparated. Our names are uttered, 
and at once, whether in connection with blame or 
praise, with threat or entreaty, Avith hatred or love, 
we ourselves are affected by the ideas and feelings 
expressed. A few trifling words, in no wa}'' meant to 
apply to the man the}' describe, sufl[ice to awaken the 
rccoflection of that man, his physical peculiarities, his 
moral character, and the most remarkable acts and 
events of his life; a few s\dlables will cause the tear 
to start afresh from the mother's eye, after years of 
consolation and resignation to her loss; they will sum- 
mon the tell-tale blush to the maiden's cheek, and she 
immediateh^ thinks her secret is discovered; they will 
make a lover's heart beat more rapidW; rekindle the 
angry glance in an enemy's eye; and in a friend sep- 
arated from his friend, will renew all his past regrets 
and his fondest hopes. None the less rapidly do our 
thoughts connect a name with the idea of the thing to 



ii INTRODUCTION. 

which it belongs, be it land of birth, country, town, 
river, road, valley or hill. Dislike, desire, recollection oi 
pain or pleasure, admiration, jealous^^, kind feelings, 
national hatreds and love of country, one and all may 
be evoked bv a single word, because the \vord repre- 
sents to us the ver3' object \vhich has created those 
emotions within us. Every person, even the most in- 
curious observer of \vords and things, must have re- 
marked the great variety that exists in the names of 
families. He cannot fail to notice that such names are 
of widely different significations, many being identical 
with names of places, offices, professions, trades, qual- 
ities, familiar natural objects and other things. There 
is probably no person capable of the least degree of re- 
flection who has not often, in idle moments, atnused 
himself Avith some little speculation on the probable 
origin of his own name. It is not sufficient for a per- 
son of inquisitive mind that he bears such and such a 
surname because his father and his grandfather bore 
it; he will naturally feel desirous of knowing why and 
wdien their ancestors acquired it. 

What would the annals of mankind and the rec- 
ords of biography be if people had never borne any 
proper names? It would be a mere chaos of unde- 
fined incidents and an unintelligible mass of facts, with- 
out svmmetry or beauty-, and without any interest at 
all for after ages. Indeed, without names, mankind 
would have wanted what i-s perhaps the greatest stim- 
ulous of Avhich the mind is susceptible — the love of 
fame; and consequently, inany of the mightiest achieve- 
ments in every department of human endeavor would 
have been lost to the world. 

Many of our ancient and modern institutions are 
intimately connected with the meaning and continued 
existence of proper names. It has been well said that 
hereditary names perpetuate the memory of ancestors 



INTRODUCTION. iii 

better than any other monument, an affectionate re- 
membrance this, sureh% and one which fosters the cause 
of moraht3'; they teach, or at any rate remind sons of 
their duty to be worthy of their ancestors. 

Though its importance be felt in all phases of our 
social life, the origin of proper names does not essen- 
tially belong to a civilized condition. Undoubtedly it 
is intimately connected with the gift of speech. A man 
must call his children by a distinctive appellation, either 
when he speaks to them or vrhen he speaks of them in 
their absence, and ^vhen a gestui'e and an inflection of 
the voice are not sufficient to indicate his meaninsjf. 
The distinctive title which he uses can only be a name 
exclusively applicable to the individual meant; on the 
other hand, the father will recognize the name given to 
him by his children. Again, the domestic animal, man's 
intelligent companion in his field sports, and the watch- 
ful guardian of his dwelling; the brook that runs be- 
neath his home; the tree that shelters or the forest that 
conceals it; the hill or the vale near which it lies, will 
soon be named by those who wish to distinguish them 
from similar objects around. If other men come to live 
near the first family, the^^ will receive a name and give 
one in return. 

However simple these names be at first, so simple 
that the^^ express nothing beyond the degree of rela- 
tionship between father and mother and children, and 
the order ot their birth in the case of the last; be they 
mere substantives used to point out more vSpeciallv the 
dwelling and all that surrounds it; as the hut, the tree, 
or the brook — or even supposing that in the common 
intercourse which may exist between one family and its 
neighbor the only distinctive terms employed are Ave 
and the^^, and further, that sun, fire, destruction, or 
thunder, designate the beneficent or angrj^ deity — still 
the system of proper names already exists in embryo, 



iv INTRODUCTION. 

and is read}^ to be further developed, even to the high- 
est degree of importance and intricacy, in proportion 
as the social principle itself becomes more extended and 
more complicated in its constitution. 

Add new members to the family; collect several fam- 
ilies together and form them into one tribe; place a 
number of tril^es holding friendly relations with one 
another in a less limited tract of land; then will the 
spot occupied by each tribe, every village or cluster of 
inhabitants belonging to the same tribe, ever3^ hill and 
thicket and brook — in a word, the land and the gath- 
ering of men upon it assume proper names, just as the 
tribes had already done before, and the families and 
the individuals that constituted them. 

From this outline of the first elements of social 
life, let us remove, in thought, for a moment, and place 
ourselves in the heart of civilized existence. The names 
of lands and dwellings have changed into the designa- 
tions of powerful states and magnificent cities; names 
which will be familiar for centuries after the grass has 
grown over and hidden even the ruins of their palaces 
and their fortresses and obliterated the very traces of 
their existence, and after politiccd or naturally induced 
revolutions have depopulated, divided and totalW dis- 
membered the provinces of mighty empires. Here the 
names of men distinguish the individual members of a 
great social bodv, magistrates, princes, chiefs of the 
great civil and political whole; and among these names, 
all of them less or more important at present, there 
are some which hereafter shall he handed down to his- 
tory as a rich inheritance, an object of envy to the am- 
bitious, and a pattern of conduct to the wise. 



THE OEIGIN AND HISTORY 

OF 

THE NAME OF 

BUTLER. 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 



THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME OF BUTLER. 

The surname of Butler is derived from the office of King's 
Butler, which was conferred upon Theobald surnamed le Boteler 
by the King in 1177, and remained hereditary in his descendants 
fur many generation?. 

The surname- nuiy sometimes be derived from the Anglo-Saxon 
botel or both an abode or mansion ; and may also signify, like 
the recognized Botei-weard, a house steward. 

The name Botiler was in ordinary life a wine merchant or but- 
ler. The King's botiler was an officer of considerable impor- 
tance, almost the same as collector of customs in modern ports. 
hi virtue of his office he was empowered to seize for the King's 
use, from every ship laden with wine, one cask from the prow 
and one cask from the poop, paying for each the sum of twenty 
shillings. 

The name of Robert le Butiler appears in the Hundred Rolls: 

The name is both official and occupative. In 1415 the York 
Pageant consisted of Pouchmakers, Botillers and cap-makers; 
all obviously engaged in the leather manufacture. And the 
idea of a bottle as understood by our forefathers four hundred 
years ago was a leathern case ! 

ENGLAND. 

Arms : Or, a chief, indented, az., a border indented erm. 
Crests Out of a ducal coronet, or. a plumr.- of five ostrich 
feathers, therefrom a falcon, risino^, arsj. 

i\roTTO : Comme jc trouve, which means. As I Find It. 

IRELAND. 

Crest: On a ])lumo of feathers, or. and vert, an eagle, ris- 
ing, or. 

Motto : Comme jo trouve, Avhich means, As I Find It. 



26 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

GENEALOGY. 

The Butler genealogy was pul)lislie(l by Henry A. May of 
Albany, N. Y. 

Genealogy of Medad Butler, late of Stuyve.-ant, Columbia 
Co.. X. Y., was published bv William Allen Butler of New 
York. 

The Genealogy-of Mary Butler and her descendants was pub- 
lished bv James Davie Butler of Albany, N. Y. 

Genealogy of the family of Bulter, Head May 27, 1881, w^as 
published by Maria Bulter of Middletown, Ohio. 

Genealogy of Nathaniel Butler born in Nottingham, N. H., 
1795 was published by Eev. E. R. Butler of Boston. Mass. 

Genealogy of Thomas Butler of Butler's Hill, South Berwick, 
Me., was published by George H. Butler, M. D. 

The Butler ancestry of Gen. Benj. Franklin Butler, was pub- 
lished by Mrs. Blanche Butler Ames, of Lowell, Ma?s, 

EARLY SETTLEMENT OF BUTLERS IN AMERICA. 

Giles Butler, a husbandman from Marlborough, England, 
canne over in the James, in April, 1G35. 

John Butler, an inhabitant of Newbury, was made a freeman 
in May, KJ-t'.). lie was a witness to the Avill of Thomas Mil- 
lard in 1053. 

Nicolas Butler, an inhabitant of Eastwell, England, came 
from Sandwich, England, with his wife, three children and five 
servants, before 163? ; and then settled at Dorchester, wdiere he 
became a proprietor. He was a gentleman and town officer. He 
sold laud in Roxbury in 1652; then removing to Martha's Vine- 
yard, gave power of attorney to his son, John, in 1651. for sale 
of lands. His son Henry was sclioolmaster of Dorchester in 
1652. 

THE BUTLERS IN AMERICA. 

A thorough perusal of the following life sketches of noted 
Butlers, eminent in all walks of life, will reveal the fact that 
the Butlers have been actively and intimately associated with 
the ecclesiastical, civil, industrial and commercial affairs of 
America; and to become conversant wuth their history will 
naturally create in our cliildren a source of ])i'ide in the name 
of Butler heretofore unappreciated. 

As builders and merchants they have built cities and illu- 
mined the marts of trade; in the field of science and medicine 
tliey have obtained great ]U'(uninence; in the arena of states- 
manship they have produced men of thought and men of ac- 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 27 

tion; wliik' at the bar and in the administration of justice 
they have shown erudition and wisdom. As clerygymen, edu- 
cators and lecturers they have occupied high places; as musi- 
cians, composers and artists they have contributed profusely 
to social life; and as authors and poets they are worthy to be 
crowned with a laural wreath of fame. Also as heroes of 
colonial, Eevolutionary and later Avars they have rendered 
patriotic service, each one of whom has added luster to the 
name of Butler. 

BUTLER. AMOS WILLIA^^IS, naturalist, author, was born 
Oct. 1, 18G0, in Brookvillc, Ind. Since 1897 he has been sec- 
retary of Indian Board of State Charities. He is the author 
of Birds of Indiana. 

BI:TLER, AXDEESON", educator, clergyman, was born 
Dec. 1, 1848, in Alabaina. He was educated' in the public 
schools of his native state. For many years he was a teacher 
in tlic ]iublic schoiiis; and is now a iDreacher of the gospel at 
Pelahatchie, Ala. 

BUTLEE, AN'DKEW PICKEXS., lawyer, jurist. United 
States senator, was born Xov. 19, 1796, in South Carolina. He 
became a member of the South Carolina Legislature when quite 
a young man; and in 1835 was appointed one of the Judges 
of the General Sessions of Common Pleas, which office he held 
until 1847, when he was appointed to fill a vacancy in the 
United States Senate. He was subsequently elected and re- 
elected to the same ])osition, and was in this office at the time 
of liis death. He died'May 25, 1857, near Edgefield, S. C. 

BUTLEE, BEXJAMIX FRAXKLIX, lawyer, legislator, 
was born Dec. 14, 1795, in Ivinderhook, X. Y. In 1821 he 
was appointed district attorney for the city of Albany; in 1827 
was elected to the State Legislature; was Attorney-General; and 
in 183G-37 was Secretary of War. In 1815 he was a presi- 
dential elector; and was subsequently twice appointed United 
States Attorney for the Southern District of Xew York. He 
died X^ov. 8, 1858, in Paris, France, 

BUTLER, BEXJAMIX FRAXKLIX^, general, governor. 
United States senator, was born Xov. 5, 1818, in Deerfield, 
X. H. In 1851 he was elfcted to the State Leo-islature ; in 
1859 was elected to the State Senate; and in 1860 was a dele- 
gate to the Charleston convention. In 1861 he was appointed 
a Brigildier-General, and entered actively into the war move- 
ments. Before the close of that year he was made a Major- 
General, serving as such in Xew Orleans and various other j)or- 
tions of tlie rebellious states. At the conclusion of the rebellion 



23 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

he resumed the practice of law in Lowell; in 186G was elected 
a Eepresentative from Massachusetts to the Fortieth Congress; 
was one of the managers of the impeachment trial of Andrew 
Johnson; and was re-elected to the Forty-first, Forty-second, 
Forty-third and Forty-fourth Congresses. In 1883-86 he was 
elected Governor of Massachusetts; and also served his country 
as United States Senator. He died Jan. 11, 1893, in Washing- 
ton, D. C. 

BTJTLEE, BERT, professor of penmanship, business man, in- 
ventor, was born April 29, 1868, in Kewannee, Wis. He was edu- 
cated at the Decorah Institute at Decorah, Iowa; at Valder's 
School of Penmanship; and at Cedar Eapids Business College. 
He has attained success as a j)rofessor of penmanship; and is a 
well-known real estate broker of ISTorthwood, Iowa. He is the 
owner and patentee of the Butler Hand Cart ; and is prominently 
identified with the business and public affairs of Iowa. 

BUTLEE,^ CALEB, educator, author, was born Sept. 13. 
1776, in Pelham, N". H. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 
1800, studied law in Groton, and was the principal instructor 
of the Groton Academy for eleven years. He published a Ma- 
sonic oration; Facts as to Affairs in Groton; Eeview Eeviewed; 
and History of Groton. He died Oct. 7, 1854, in Groton, Mass. 

BUTLEE, CHAELES," philanthropist, college president, was 
born Eel). 15, 1803, in -Kinderhook, IST .Y. In 1835 he was one 
of the founders and incorporators of the Union Theological 
Seminary in New York City, and was made its president. In 
1889 he endowed a chair of biblical theology in that seminary 
in tlic sum of $100,000, in memory of Prof. Edward Eobinson, 
the eminent biblical scholar. He died in 1897. 

BUTLEE, CHAELES HALE, merchant, was born Oct. 16, 
1853, in Jackson, Mich. He was educated in the public schools; 
and soon entered mercantile pursuits. He is now a successful 
grain and flour merchant of Oakland, Cal. ; and prominently 
identified with the business and public affairs of that city. 

BUTLEE, CHAELES HENEY, lawyer, court reporter, au- 
thor, was born June 18. 1859, in jSTew York City. He received 
the rudiments of his education in the public schools of Yonk- 
ers, jST. Y. ; and in 1881 graduated from the Princeton Uni- 
versity. For m.any years he practiced law in ISTew York; in 1898 
was legal expert of the Anglo-American Canadian Commission ; 
and since 1902 ha? been re])orter of the United States Supreme 
Court at Washington, I). C. He is the author of Cuba Must 
Be Free; The Yoice of the ISTation ; Our Eolations with Spain; 
Our Treaty with Spain; Freedom of Private Property on the 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAFIIWAL. 29 

Sea; and Treaty Making- Power of the United States, iu two 
volumes. 

BUTLEE, CHAELES JOSEPH, public official, was born 
A];ril 25, 18()6, in Birkenhead, England. He was educated iu 
the public schools of Westerl_v, E. I. ; and is now assistant post- 
, master of that city. He is greatly interested in the business 
and public welfare of Westerly , E. I. ; and has filled several 
position of trust and honor. 

BUTLEB, CHAELES L., busincfs mran, pul)lie official was 
born June G, 1855, in jSTew Brunswick, Canada. He is a prac- 
tical wagonmaker, and a successful business man of Emporia, 
Pa. He has been a member of the town council; has served 
two 'terms as county auditor ; and has filled various other posi- 
tions of trust and honor. 

BIJTLEE, CHAELES EICHAED, business man, manager, 
was born Xov. 1, 1858, in Petersburg, Va. He was educated 
in the public schools of his native city; and at once began a 
mercantile career. For a quarter of a century he has been 
manager of a large mill corporation; and is prominently iden- 
tified with the business and public affairs of Petersburg, Va. 

BUTLEE, CHAELES W., busiuess'mau, merchant, was born 
Jan. 29, 1869.. in Sugar Hill, Elkhart County, HkI. He was 
educated in the public schools of his native state. He is now 
a successful business man and hay and grain dealer of Benton, 
Tnd. He is prominently identified with the business and pub- 
lie aifairs of his city; for two terms served as a trustee; and 
filled several other positions of trust and honor. 

BFTLEE, CHAELES W., clergyman, was born May 13, 
1873, in Caro, Mich. He was educated in the public schools of 
his native state; and soon became an eminent minister of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church. He is now pastor of the Metho- 
dist Episcopal Church of Durand, Mich ; and occasionally con- 
tributes to the religious press. 

BUTLEE, CHESTEE, lawyer, state legislator, congressman, 
^\•as born March, 1798, in Wilkesbarre, Pa. He served three 
terms in the Legislature of Pennsylvania ; and was a Eepresen- 
tative in Congress fromi Pennsvlvania from 1845 to 1850. He 
died Oct. 5, 1850, in Philadelphia, Pa. 

BT'TLEE, CLEMENT MOOEE, theologian, author, was 
liorn Oct. 16, 1810, in Troy, IST. Y. He was an Episcopalian 
cicrgyinan of the evangelical type, and Professor of Ecclesiasti- 
cal History in the Episcopal Divinity School of Philadelphia in 
1864-84. ^'He wavS the author of Book of Common Prayer In- 
terpreted 'by its History; Old Truths and New Errors; The 



ao lll^TOLlWAL AJSD JUOGRArinCAL. 

Flock Fed; St. Paul in Kome; Inner Eome; Manual of Eccle- 
siastical History from the First to the Eighteenth Century; 
and The Eeforniation in Sweden. lie died March 5, 1890, in 
(j ermanto wn, Pa . 

BUTLEP, CLIFTON MORGAX, soldier, Avas bmn May o, 
1880. in Jefferson, Oregon. He was educated at Albany High 
School and Albany College, Ore.; and in 1903 graduated from the 
United States Military Academy of West Point. He is now 
lieutenant of the Seventeenth United States Infantry, and is in 
active service in the Philippine Islands. 

BUTLER, CONCIE LEPOY, educator, clergyman, was born 
Oct. 20. 18(i9, in Wilsonville, Ala. He was educated at the 
Lincoln University of Pennsylvania, at jMaryville College of 
Tennessee, and at Talladega College, Ala. For several years 
he was engaged in educational work at Birmingham, Ala.; and 
is now an eminent clergyman of the Presbyterian Church. For 
five years he filled a i)astorate in West Che-ter, Pa.; and is now 
pastor of St. James' Presbvterian Church of New York Citv. 

BUTLER, CYRUS, philanthropist, was born in 1767.' He 
gave $40,000 to endow the Butler Hospital for the Insane at 
Providence. He died Aug. 22, 1849, in Providence, R. I. 

BUTLER, CYRUS LEE, clergyman. pul)lic official, was born 
May 1"2, 1805, in Jackson Comity, 111. He was educated at 
p]wing and Hayward colleges; and in 1885 was ordained a min- 
ister of the Missionary Baptist Church im Greene County, Ark. 
He also studied law at Fairfield, 111. Since 1885 he has been 
actively engaged in the ministry; and is now ])astor of the 
Harmony Bajjtist Church of Jefi-'erson County, 111. He has 
filled the office of town clerk, in 1904 was treasurer of the 
Democratic Countv Central Committee of Jefferson County, 
111.; and has filled various other positions of trust and honor. 

BUTLER, DAIjE I)., business man, legislator, was born June 
29, 1866, in Middletown. Conn. He received the rudiments 
of his education in the public schools of New England; attended 
Williston Seminary, the Wesleyan Academy, and Wesleyan 
I'niversity. He is a successful business man of ]\Iiddletown, 
Conn.; has a large insurance business; and is prominently iden- 
tified witli the business and public affairs of that city. In 1890- 
94 he was a member of the City Council of ]\[iddletown, Conn.; 
in 1897-99 he served with distinction as a mend)er of thv- Con- 
necticut State Legislature: and has filled numerous other posi- 
tions of trust and honov in the gift of hi^ city, county and 
state. 

BUTLER, DAVID, governor. He Avas eeleted Ihe first 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 31 

Grovernor of tlie state of Nebraska in 1867-71. He died MaA' 
25, 1891. 

BUTLER, DIGBY B., lumberman, manufacturer, of Fi-ank- 
fort, Mich. He is proprietor of a large saw mill in Frankfort, 
Mich.; and a successful manufacturer and dealer in lumber. 
He is prominently identified with the busine?s and public 
affairs of his community; and has filled various positions of 
trust and honor. 

BUTLER. EDWARD HUBERT, journalist, was born Sept. 
5, 1850, in LeRoy, N. Y. In 1873 he established the Buffalo 
Evening News, of which he is sole proprietor. He was repub- 
lican presidential elector of New York in 189G; president of 
State Editorial Association in 1891; and president of republi- 
can State Editorial Association in 1898. 

BUTLER, EDWARD K., inanufacturer, was born July 20, 
1851, in Jordan, Onondaga County, N. Y. He was educated 
in the public schools of his native state. He is a successful 
ntonufacturer of art furniture, and president of the Butler Man- 
ufacturing Company of Syracuse, N. Y. For many years he 
has l)een actively identified with the business and public affairs 
of his city; and has filkd several positions of trust and h.onor. 

BUTLER, EDWARD PAYSON, business man, photographer, 
was born ]\lay IS, 1831, in Clinton, Wayne County, Pa. He 
was educated in the public schools of his native state. He is now 
a successful business man of Reno, Nevada; and has a large 
photographic studio in that city. He is prominently identified 
with the business and public affairs of his city; and has filled 
several positions of trust and honor. 

BUTLER, EZRA, congressman, governor, wtis born in Sep- 
tember, 1703, in A'^ermont. He was a member of the Vermont 
Assembly eleven years; first Judge of the Chittenden Countv 
Court from 1803 to 1806, and Chief Justice from 1806 to 1811. 
He was Chief Justice of Jefferson County from 1814 to 1826; 
was a Representative in Congress from 1813 to 1815; member 
of the Yennont constitutional convention in 1822 and Governor 
of that state from 1826 to 1828. making fifty-three years of pub- 
lic service. He died July 12, 1838, in Waterbury, Vt. 

BUTLER. FERDINAND A., educator, business man, was 
born June 12, 1877, in Springvale, Minn. He was educated in 
the public schools of New England; attended the Salem High 
School ; and graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology of Boston, Mass. In 1900-02 he was a teacher in 
the Salem Commercial School. He is now a successful merchant 



32 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

of Danvers, Mass.; and greatly interested in the business and 
])ublic welfare of tliat city. 

BUTLEE. FREDEEIClv, author, was born in 176G. He was 
a writer of Hartford, Conn. ; and the author of History of the 
United St<ates to 1820; The Farmer's Manual; and Menijorial 
of Lafayette and His Tour in the United States. He died in 
1843 in Hartford. Conn. 

BUTLEE, GEOEGE BEENAED, artist, was born Feb. 8, 
1838, in jSTew York City. Since 1883 he has been engaged prin- 
cipally in jjortraiture. In 1873 he was elected a National Aca- 
demician. His paintings include The Shepherd and Dogs on 
the Campagna; The Capri Eose, purchased by Alexander T. 
Stewart; The Lace-Maker; and several striking gToups of 
animals. 

BUTLEE, GEOEGE EDWAED, educator, was born Oct. 30, 
1867, in Floyd, Ya. He graduated from the State ISTormal 
School of St. Cloud, ]\Iinn. In 1894-95 ho was Superintendeiit 
of Schools at St. Paul Park. Minn. ; in 1895-98 at Bird Island, 
Minn.; and since 1898 has been City Superintendent of Schools 
of Winthrop. Minn. 

BUTLEE, GEOEGE EDWIX, soldier, educator, lawyer, state 
senator, was born June 5, 1868, in Salemburg, North Carolina. 
He received a thorough education; and graduated from the 
University of North Carolina. He has been County Superin- 
tendent of Public Schools ; is now a successful lawyer of Clin- 
ton, N. C. ; and has been County Attorney. He has been a mem- 
ber of the North Carolina State Legislature ; and served with 
distinction as a member of the North Carolina State Senate. 
During the Spanish-American war he was ^lajor in the First 
Eegiment North Carolina Yolunteor Infantry. He has been 
Lieutenant-Colonel of tlie First Eegiment North Carolina Na- 
tional Guards; and president of General Court Martial, Court of 
First Brigade. Second Division, Seventh Army Corps in Cuba. 

BUTLEE. GEOEGE H., clergyman, lecturer, was born July 
25, 1844, in Eoxl)ury, Mass. He w^as educated at the East 
Greenwich Academy. E. I. ; and graduated from the Methodist 
Theological School of Boston, Mass. He has filled pastorates 
in South Truro, Long Plain. Osterville, Centerville and Vine- 
yard Haven, and various other places in Connecticut and 
Ehode Island. He now fills a pastorate in Providence, E. I. 
He has lectured extensively on various topics; and is a constant 
eontriluitor to American literature. 

BinT.EE, HENEY" EDWAED. educator, clergyman, was 
l)orn Feb. 21. 1835, in Essex, Yt. He was educated in Yer- 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 33 

mont, at Andover Theological Seminar}^ and at Princeton 
Theological Seminar}'. He is an eminent minister of the Con- 
gregational Church ; and has been Professor of Philosophy at 
Alma College of Michigan. He has been pastor at Keesville, 
ISr. y. ; pastor of the Congregational Church at Jacksonville, 
111. ; pastor of the CongTCgational Church of St. John's, Mich. ; 
and is now pastor of the Congregational Church at DesPlaines, 
111. He is prominent in religious and educational affairs; and 
has filled various positions of trust and honor. 

BUTLEE, HENEY B., physician, surgeon, was born April 
11, 1860, in Cumberland County, N. C. He was educated at 
Lincoln University, Pa. ; attended MehariT Medical College of 
Nashville, Tenn. ; and graduated from the Medical Department 
of Harvard University. For several years he was Dean of the 
Nurse Training Department of the Morris-Brown College of 
Atlanta, Ga.; for four years was physician in charge of Spel- 
man Seminary; and a successful physician and sur- 
geon of his city. For eight years he was surgeon of the 
Second Georgia Battalion of Volunteers; has been Grand Med- 
ical Examiner of the Knights of Pythias of Georgia, and Grand 
Master of Masons of Georgia. 

BUTLEE, HOBAET EULANDUS, business man, public 
official, was born Nov. 16, 1838, in Perrington, near Bochester, 
N. Y. He was educated in the public schools of his native state ; 
and soon entered mercantile pursuits. He is now a successful 
business man of Wichita, Kansas; and prominently identified 
with the business and public affairs of that city. He has served 
with distinction as a justice of the peace; has been a- member 
of the school board; is a church trustee; and has filled various 
of trust and ho nor. 

BUTLEE. ISAAC IST.-, merchant, public official, was born 
May 13, 1865, in Elbert County, Ga. He was educated in the 
public schools of Georgia, and at x\thens, Ga. He is a success- 
ful merchant of Athens, Ga. ; has been Assistant Chief of the 
Athens Fire Department; and has filled various other positions 
of trust and honor. 

BUTLEE, J. M., farmer, merchant, was born Oct. 29, 1868.' 
in Wilkinson County, Ga. He was educated in the public school? 
of his native state; and graduat,ed from the High School of 
Irwinton, Wilkinson County, Ga. For a number of years he 
was engaged in mercantile pursuits; and is now a successful 
farmer of Dexter, Ga. He is prominently identified with the 
business and public affairs of his community ; and lias filled 
severabpositions of trust and honor. 



34 liltiTORWAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

BUTLEK, JAMES. l)ll^ilK■^s man, of New York City. He is 
prominently identified with tlie business affairs of New York 
City; and maintain^ numerous liraneh stores throughout the 
United States. 

BUTLEK, JAMES B. D., newspaper publislier, was born Feb. 
15, 18G8, in Louisville, Jvy. He received a thorough education; 
and soon entered journalistic work. He is a successful news- 
paper publisher; and resides in Chicago, 111. 

Bl'TLEll, JAMES DAVIE, educator, clergyman, lecturer, 
was born, March 15, 1815, in Butland, Vt. He held the chair of 
Ancient Languages in W^ibash College. Ind., in 1854-58, and 
in the University of Wisconsin in 1858-()T. Since then he has 
devoted himself to lecturing and occasional preaching. His 
best known lectures are The Arcliitceture of St. Peter's: Pre- 
historic Wisconsin; The Hapax Legomena in Shakespeare; and 
C^ommonplace Books. 

BUTLEll, JAMES GLENTWORTH, clergyman, author, 
was born in 1831 in New York. He is a Presbyterian clergyman 
of New York; and the author of The Bible Work, an extended 
scriptural commentarv; and Tlie Fourfold Gospel. 

BT;TLEB, JAMES JACKSOX, railroad manager, was born 
May 31, 18G1, in Oglethorpe County, Ga. He was educated in 
the pu])lic schools of his native state; and then engaged in 
railroad work. He has been chief car inspector; foreman of re- 
])airs; and chief air brake inspector on various railroads, with 
headquarters at Atlanta, Ga. 

BUTLER, JAMES JOSEPH, lawver., congressman, was norn 
Aug. 29, 1862, in St. Louis, Mo. Early in life he learned the 
trade of blacksnidth and subsequently attended the St. Louis 
T'niversity, graduating from that institution in 1881 with the 
degree of B. S. ; and in 1884 graduated from the Washington 
University Law School. For eight years he was City Attorney 
of St. Louis, ]\[o. ; was a member of the Board of Education for 
two years ; and has always been prominently identified with the 
business and public affairs of his city. He served with distinc- 
tion in 1902-05 as a member of the Fifty-seventh and Fifty- 
eighth Congresses from Missouri as a democrat, declining the 
nomination for a third term. He still ])ractices his profession 
in his native city. 

BUTLER. JOHN EDWARD, physician, surgeon, was born 
June 29, 1803, in Philadelphia, Pa. In 1881 he graduated fr-uu 
tin* Boston latin school; received the degre? of A. P). from 
Amlierst ; and the degree of M. D. from Harvard. He is a suc- 
cessful i)bvsician of Roxlnirv. IVTas^. He has been medical in- 



niSTOKWAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 35 

spector of schools for Boston; visiting physician to tlie Home 
for Aged Women of Koxbury ; and has filled various other posi- 
tions of trust and honor. 

BUTLER, JOHX GEORGE, clergvman, oratoi', was born 
Jan. 28, 182(5, in Cumberland. Ud., In 1849 he accepted a call 
to the pastorate of the St. Paul English Lutheran Church in 
Washington, I). C., in Avhich city his ministry of over fifty 
years has been sjoent. In 1867 he was elected chaplain of the 
House of Representatives; and in 1880 was chosen chaplain of 
the Senate. He is widely known as a pulpit orator, a successful 
pastor and influential member of the general synod of the 
Evangelical Lutheran Church. Since 1875 he has been pastor 
of Luther Place Memorial Church of Washington, D. C. 

BUTLER, JOHX GREER, hanker, was born Sept. 17, 1875, 
in Mason, Texas. He was educated in the public schools of his 
native state; attended the Daniel Baker College of Brownwood, 
Texas ; and graduated from the University of Oklahoma. For 
several years he was cashier of the United States and Pacific 
Express Companies of El Paso, Texas. He is now cashier of 
the First National Bank of Marietta, I. T. : and ]u'ominently 
identified with the business and public affairs of that city. 

BUTLER, JOHN" H., machinist, business man. wu^ born Oct. 
1!), LS(;(», in Iowa C^ity, Iowa. He was educated in the ]jublic 
schools of his native state; and soon became a master mechanic. 
He is now a successful business man and machinist of Echo, 
Minn., where he has been engaged in that business, for the past 
fifteen years. He has always been interested in the business and 
])ublic welfare of his community. 

BUTLER, JOHN JAY. theologian, author, was born April 
9, 1814, in Berwick, Maine. He was a Free Baptist clergyman 
of Michigan; and has been Professor of Sacred Literature in 
Hillsdale College since 1873. He is the author of Natural and 
Revealed Theology; and Commentary on the Gospels. He died 
June IG, 1891, in Hillsdale, Mich.' 

BUTLER, JOHN POLLOCK, lawyer, jurist, was ])orn Oct. 
1.'), 1846, in Allegheny County, Pa. He received the rudiments 
of his education in the i)ublic schools ; and graduated from the 
Iron City Commercial CJoUege of Pittsburg, Pa. He settled in 
Missouri in 1865; has attained success at the bar; and is now 
Judge of the Circuit Court. Twelfth Judicial District of Mis- 
souri. He is prominently identified with the business and jnd^lic 
affairs of ^Missouri, at Milan; and has filled various positions 
of trust and honor. His great-grandfather, Benjamin Butler, 
owned a farm near riiiladel])hia, and served as a Captain in the 



36 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

Kevolutionary war. His father, George Butler, was born in 1818 
in AVashington County, Pa., and is stiJl living. 

BUTLEE, JOLINE J., surveyor, seaman, naval officer, was 
born May 7, 18-10, in Brooklyn, N. Y. He was educated in the 
public schools of his native city; and attended Clinton Street 
Academy. . For many years he was a seaman; and served as 
coxswain on the United States steamshijD Metacomet. In that 
capacity he served under Admiral Farragut; and saw much 
active service under that noted admiral. For many years he 
was also engaged as a surveyor; has filled various other positions 
of trust and honor; and now resides in West Haven, Conn. 

BUTLEE, JONATHAN J., soldier, business man, public 
official, was born May 2, 183G, in Valparaiso, Ind. He re- 
ceived his education in the public schools; and graduated from 
the Eugene High School. In 1853 he settled in Oregon with 
his father; was in the Indian wars of 1855-56; and now draws 
a small pension. He is now. a successful business man of John- 
son City, Oregon; and resident agent of The American Central 
Insurance Company. For ten years he was a justice of the 
peace ; for fifteen years a notary pubHc ; for three years was 
city recorder; and has filled various other positions of trust 
and honor. 

BUTLEE, JOSEPH, farmer educator, lawyer, public official, 
was born July 21, 1846, at Lake Gage. Steuben County, Ind., 
on the farm purchased l)y his fatlier from the government in 
1836; and of Avhich farm he is now the owner. He was edu- 
cated in the public schools of his native state; attended Orland 
Seminary; and graduated from the Law School of Bloomington, 
111. For many years he was a country school teacher. In 1875- 
79 he was Clerk of Steuben County Circuit Court; and has 
filled numerous offices of trust and honor. He is a successful 
lawyer of Orland, Ind.; and prominently identified with the 
business and public affairs of his city, county and state.- In 
1891-95 -he was State's Prosecuting Attorney for Steuben and 
Delvalb counties. His brother, Mark Justus Butler, is a suc- 
cessful stock raiser of Fillm.ore -County, ISTeb. . He is greatly 
interested in the Genealogy of the Butler Family. 

BUTLEE, JOSEPH G., business man, manufacturer, was 
born Dec. 21, 1840, at Temperance Furnace, Mercer County. 
Pa. He was educated in the public schools of Ohio; and grad- 
uated from the High School of ISTiles, Ohio. He is a success- 
ful ])usiness man of Youngstowu, Oliio; and manufacturer and 
dealer in iron anrl steel. He is prominently identified with the 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 37 

business and public affairs of his city; and has filled various 
other positions of trust and honor. 

BUTLER, JOSIAH, lawyer, jurist, congressman, was born 
in 1780 in Eockingham County, N. H. He was repeatedly 
elected to the State Legislature and was elected a Representative 
in Congress from Xew Hampshire in 1817-23; and was then 
appointed Judge of the Superior Court " of jSTew Hampshire, 
which position he held until the office was al)olished. He died 
Oct. 9, 1854, in Deerlield. ' 

BUTLER, JULIUS WALES, merchant, manufacturer, was 
born May 7, 1838, in Essex, Vt. He was educated in the public 
schools of New England; and graduated from the Hinesburg 
Academy of Chittenden County, Vt. He is president of the 
J. Vv'. Butler Paper Company, wholesale and retail dealers in 
paper, of Chicago, 111. For many j^ears he has been prominently 
identified with the business and public affairs of Chicago, 111. ; 
is a director in various paper mills and other corporations; 
and has filled several positions of trust and honor. ; His country 
residence is in Hinsdale, 111. 

BUTLER. LAMBERT, business man, was Iwm May 8, 1858, 
in Argyle, "Wis. He was educated in the public schools of his 
native state. He is now a successful harness maker and busi- 
ness man of Faulkton, S. Dak.; is prominently identified with 
the business and public affairs of that city ; and has filled num- 
erous other positions of trust and honor. 

BUTLER, LE BURTOX BLAISDELL. business man, phar- 
macist, was born March 12, 1867, in East Kingston, X. H. He 
was educated in the public schools of Xew England; and grad- 
uated from the Grammar School. He is an eminent pharmacist 
of Boston, Mass. ; and since 1887 has been proprietor of a suc- 
cussful business in that city. He is greatly interested in the 
l)usincss and public affairs of hi^ city; and has filled several 
positions of trust and honor. 

BUTLER, LEWIS,* soldier, architect, builder, was born Dec. 
2, 1825, in Carroll County, Ohio. During the Civil war he was 
Captain, ^Major and Colonel in the Union army; and was in 
numerous battles and skirmishes. He is a successful architect 
aud builder of Hou.-ton. Texas: and has filled numeroue positions 
of trust and honor. 

BUTLER, ^IRS. LOU GREER, artist, ]ioet, was bom Feb. 
4, 1855, in Santa Rosa, Cal. She has attained success in crayon, 
pastel and landscape drawing and painting; and for many 
years was proprietor of a photographic establishment. She has 



38 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

conti'lliuti'd liotli ])i'oso and verse to the [x'l-iodical [iress, and 
several of her ])oem> liave been given a place in standard works. 
BUTLER, J.rCIUS MARSHALL, master mechanic, engi- 
neer, master car biiihler, was born April 9, 1838, in Hinsdale, 
N. PL He was educated in the ])ublic schools of jSTew England ; 
and graduated from tlie Academy of Cliesterfield, N. H. .In 
1859 he entered railroad service as machinist; in 1872-81 was 
foreman of roundhouse and engineer ; in 1881-83 was in charge 
of engines of a large railroad : and in 1883-86 was master ma- 
chinist and chief engineer of the Richmond Paper Company. In 
1886-92 he was master macliinist and master car builder for the 
Xew York, Providence and Boston Railroad; and since 1892 has 
filled that position on the Providence and Worcester Division 
of the New York, New Llaven and Hartford Railroad, with 
headquarters at Providence, R. I. 

BUTLER, MAXN, author. He emigrated to Kentucky in 
l.'^on. and p ublished a History of Kentucky. He died in Xovem- 
bei', 183.-). in ]\Ls-ouri, in consequence of a railroad accident. 

BUTLER, MARION, journalist. United States senator, was 
born May 20, 1863, in Sampson County, N. C. He was elected 
to the State Senate in 1890; was tlie leader of the Alliance 
forces in that l)ody and succeeded in bringing about a number 
of needed reEorms. He Avas elected president of the State 
Farmers' Alliance in 1891, and re-elected in 1892; was elected 
vice-president of the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial 
Union in 1893, and elected president of that organization in 
1894. Hhis ])a]ier. The Caucasian, has been removed to Raleigh, 
N. C, and has probably the largest circulation and one of the 
most influential papers in the state. He was elected to the 
United States Senate as a populist for term expiring 1901. He 
now practices law in Washington, D. C. 

BUTLER, MARK JUSTUS, farmer, stock raiser, business 
man, was born April 22, 1850, on the farm purchased by his 
father from tJie Government in 1836 at Lake Gage, Steuben 
County, Ind. ; and this farm is now owned by his brother, Joseph 
Butler. In 18T8 lie moved to Fillmore County, Neb. ; and since 
18IS0 lias been a successful farmer and stock raiser of Geneva, 
Fillmore County, Neb. He is the owner of three thousand 
sheep and n\niierous other live stock. He has filled all the town- 
ship offices; is a prominent Royal Arch Mason; was Master for 
\vn vears and High Priest for eight years; and has filled some 
oT the chairs in the grand body. He is President of the Fill- 
more County Agricultural Society; vice-president of iln' Fill- 
more Mutual Insurance Company; and has been vice-president 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 39 

of the Citizen's Bank. For five years he was president of the 
Geneva High School Board; and has filled numerous other posi- 
tions of trust and honor. He has one son, Newell Mark Butler; 
and three daughters. 

BUTLEE, MATTHEW CALBRAITH, soldier, lawyer, 
United States senator, was born March 8, 1S3G, near Green- 
ville, S. G. He was elected to the Legislature of South Caro- 
lina in 1860; entered the Confederate service as Captain of 
Cavalry in the Hampton legion in June, 18G1, and became a 
Major General through the regular grades, and lost his right leg 
at the battle of Brandy Station on the ninth of June, 18G3 ; 
He was elected to the Legislature of South Carolina in 1860 ; 
was a candidate for Lieutenant-Governor of South Carolina in 
1870; received the Democratic vote of the South Carolina Legis- 
lature for United States Senator in, 1870; and in 1877-95 was 
L^nited States Senator. In 1898 he was appointed Major-Gen- 
eral LTuited States Volunteers for service in Cuban war. 

BUTLEE. MATTHEW CALBEAITH, soldier, was born 
May 1, 18G4, in Edgefield, S. C. He was educated at Union 
College and at West Point ^Military Academy. During the 
Spanish-American war he held the volunteer rank of Major on 
the staffs of Gen. M. C. Butler, Gen. Young, Gen. Brooke and 
Gen. Wood. Since 1903 he has been on duty at West Point 
Militarv Academv as instructor in drivino-. He was on dutv 
during; the World's Fair at St. Louis with the Philippine 
Exhibit. 

BUTLEE. MUEDOCK W., editor, clergyman, was born Oct. 
G, 1859, near Franklin, A'a. He was educated at Suffolk Col- 
legeiate Listitute and at Eichniond College, He is an eminent 
clergyman ; and for several years was ^Jastor of Hillsboro Street 
Christian Church of Ealeiiih. X. C. He is secretarv of The 
Eastern North Carolina Christian Conference; secretary of 
the Sunday School department of the Southern Christian Con- 
vention ; and president of the Eastern North Carolina Sunday 
School Convention. He is the editor of The Young People's 
Worker and a constant contributor to religious literature. 

BUTLEE, Nathan, civil engineer, surveyor, w^as l:»orn Nov. 
5, 1831, in Hancock, Maine. He was educated in the puldic 
schools; and graduated from Waterville College. Ho is a 
noted civil enoineer and surveyor of Minnesota at Barnesville. 
He has l:)een county surveyor of Allen County, Ind. ; and subse- 
quently was county surveyor of Clay County, INfinn. He has 
also l)een land examiner for the Great Northern Eailway; and 
]ias filled various other positions of trust and honor. 



40 ' HISTORICAL AND BIOGEAPEICAL. 

BUTLEE, N'ATHAJs'IEL BUTLEE, educator, college pres- 
ident, author, was born May 22, 1853, in Eastport, Maine. 
Since 1895 he has been president of Colby College of Water- 
villo, Maine. He is the author of Bellum llelveticum, a Latin 
tt'xtbook. 

BUTLEE, NICHOLAS :\1UEEAY, educator, college presi- 
dent, author, was born Ai)ril 2, 1862, in Elizabeth, N. J. . He 
is an educator of Xew York City, and Professor of Philosophy 
in Columbia College. In 1802 he founded the Educational 
licview. He is the autlior of Horace Mann and American 
Systems of Education. 

BUTLEE, NOBLE, educator, author, was born in 1819 in 
Washing-ton County, Pa. He was classical professor in the 
University, of Louisville, and published A Practical and Critical 
English Grammar and other valuable text-))Ooks. He died 
Eeb. 12, 1882, in Louisville, Ky. 

BUTLEE, PEECIVAL, soldier, congressni'an, was born in 
17 GO in Pennsylvania. He rose to the rank of Captain in the 
Eevolutionary Avar; and served as Adjutant-General in the 
War of 1812. In 1839-43 served as a member of Congress. 
He died Sept. 11, 1821, in Port William, Ky. 

BUTLEE, PIEECE, soldier. United States senator, was born 
July 11, 1744, in Ireland. In 1778 he was a delegate from 
South Carolina to the old congress; and in 1788 a member of 
the convention which framed the Constitution of the United 
States, and signed the same. In 1802 he became again a Sen- 
ator in Congress, but resigned 1804. He died Feb. 15, 1822, in 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

BUTLEE, PIEECE -MASON, soldier, banker, governor, was 
born April 11, 1798, in Edgefield, S. C. He was promoted 
to the rank of First Lieutenant in 1823, and attained the grade 
of Captain in 1825. After four years of service he resigned 
liis commission, and in 1829 became a resident of Columbia, 
S. C, and was elected president of a bank established at that 
))lace. He was killed in battle Aug. 20, 1847, in Churubusco, 
Mexico. 

BUTLEE, EICHAED, soldier, wa's born in Ireland. He 
attained the rank of Colonel in the Eevolutionary war, and in 
1791 was made a ]\Iajor-General. He was tomahawked and 
scalped Nov. 4, 1791, in an expedition against the Indians. 

BUTLEE. EICHAED, soldier, iiuMvliant. inauufactnrer, was 
l)orn Aug. 9, 1831, in Birmingham, Ohio. In 1879 he ac- 
cepted the presidency of an extensive hard rubber company, 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 41 

which was organized in 1883 as the Butler Hard Eubber Com- 
pany. 

BUTLER, EGBERT MILLER, merchant, was born July 
10, 1845, near Elizabeth, X. J. He was educated in the public 
schools of his native state; and graduated from Chatham Acad- 
emy. He is senior member of the firm of Butler, Stevens and 
Company, cotton factors and commission merchants of Savan- 
nah, Ga. He has always been actively identified with the busi- 
ness and public affairs of his city ; is a member of the Savannah 
Cotton Exchange; and a director in several corporations. He 
has been a Lieutenant in the Savannah Cadets; is president of 
the Savannah Golf Club; a member of the Oglethorpe Club; 
and a member of the Savannah Yacht Club. He stands high 
in the religious world; and is Ruling Elder in the Independent 
Presbvterian Church of Savannah, Ga. 

BUTLER, ROLERICK R., soldier, lawyer, jurist, congress- 
man, was born April 8, 1827, in Wythevillc, Va. He was a jus- 
tice of the peace; a ]\[ajor of the militia; a postmaster under 
President Fillmore; served two years in the State Assembly 
and one in the State Senate. He was a County Judge; was a 
Lieutenant-Colonel during the rebellion; and was subsequently 
Judge of the First Judicial District of the State, holding the 
office from 1865 to 1867. He was elected a Representative 
from Tennessee to the Fortieth, Forty-first, Fbrty-second, For- 
ty-third and Fiftieth Congresses as a republican. He died Aug. 
19, 1902, in Mountain City, Tenn. 

BUTLER, SAMSOX H., congressman, was bom in South 
Carolina. He was. a Representative in Congress from that 
state from 1840 to 1843. He died in South Carolina. 

BUTLER, SETH H., merchant, banker, was bom March 5, 
1829, in Chatham, Middlesex County, Conn. He received a 
thorough education in the public schools; and for about fifteen 
years was an accountant for several corporations. For six 
years he was a successful merchant, and for twenty-six years 
was secretary and president of the People's Insurance Company. 
For the past twelve years he has been president of the First 
Xational Bank of Middletown, Conn.; and prominently iden- 
tified with the public and financial affairs of Xew England. 

BUTLER, SIMEOX, publislier, manufacturer, author, was 
born in 1770. In 1792 he established the first publishing house 
in western ^lassachusetts at Xorthampton. He printed the 
earliest American edition of YatteFs Law of Xations, and the 
first volume of Massachusetts Supreme Court Reports, and 
brought out Dwight's School Geograpliy. He also engaged in 



4:2 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

paper-making, and manufactured the first domestic letter paper 
-used by the IJnited States Senate. He died in 18-17 in ISTorth- 
ampton, Mass. 

BUTLER, THEODOEE E., physician, surgeon, was born 
Aug. 10, 1852, in Lawrence County, Miss. In 1871-74 he at- 
tended Mississippi College; attended Louisville Medical College; 
and in 187G graduated from the Kentucky School of Medicine. 
He is now a successfnl physician of Ballinger, liunnels County, 
Texas; has been health officer of his county; and filled various 
positions of trust and honor. 

BUTLER, THOMAS, congressman, was born in Carlisle., 
Pa. He was a Representative in Congress from Louisiana from 
1818 to 1821. He died Aug. 14, 1847. 

BUTLER, THOMAS, clergyman, author, was bom May 17, 
1871, in Philadelphia, Pa. He received his education in the 
public schools; and graduated from Tufts College of Massachu- 
setts. He has filled pastorates at V/aretown and Good Luck, iST. 
J. ; and now fills a pastorate at Concord, Vt. He is also editor 
of The Philadelphia Call ; and a constant contributor to current 
publications and standard works. 

BUTLER, THOMAS AMBROSE, clergyman, author, poet, 
wa^ born March 21, 1837, in Dublin, Ireland. He was engaged 
in missionary work in Kansas in 1867-75; and later was ap- 
pointed pastor of St. James' Church of St. Louis, Mo. He is 
the author of The Irish on the Prairies, and Other Poems; and 
Kansas and Irish Immigration. 

BUTLER, THOMAS BELDEX, lawyer, jurist, congressman, 
author, was born Aug. 22, 1806, in Wethersfield. Conn. He 
was a Connecticut jurist whose Philosophy of the Weather, 
1856, appeared later in enlarged form as a Concise Analytical 
and Logical Development of the Atmospheric System. He 
served in the Connecticut State Legislature; and Avas a Repre- 
sentative in Congress in 1849-51. He died June 8, 1873, in 
Norwalk, Conn. 

BUTLER, THOMAS RICHARD, educator, physician, sur- 
geon, was born June 25, 1862, in Cedar County, Mo. He 
was educated in the public schools and colleges of Xevada and 
Joplin, Mo. ; and then for several years taught school. In 1885 
he graduated from Bellevue Hospital and Medical College of 
New York City; and subsequently took a post-graduate course 
at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York City. 
He first practiced medicine for two years in Golden City, Mo. ; 
then for one year in Grand Junction, Colo. ; and since 1888 in 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 43 

Beaver City, Xeb. He is a member of the leading medical 
societies ; and lias filled vaiious positions of trust and honor. 

BUTLEE, THOMAS S., lawyer, congressman, was born 
Nov. 4, 1855, in Pennsylvania. He is a member o'i tlie Ches- 
ter Connty bar, and was elected to the Fifty-fifth, Fifty-sixth 
and Fifty-seventh Congresses as a republican. 

BFTLEE, THOMAS WILLIAM, educator, legislator, pub- 
lic official, was born Jan. 12, 1857, in Worcester, Mass. He 
received the rudiments of his education in the public schools 
of his native city; attended St. Charles College; and gradu- 
ated from the jMontreal Seminary. He has been a member of 
the Massachusetts State Legislature; served as Ignited States 
Postoffice Inspector; and filled various other public positions 
of trust and honor. He has attained success in educational 
work; and is now principal oL' the Providence Street School at 
Worcester, ]\fass. He has contributed extensively to the period- 
ical press, which lias been a valuable acquisition to current lit- 
erature. 

BUTLER, WALT H., congressman, was born Feb. 13, 1852, 
in Springboro, Pa. He was elected to the Fifty-second Congress 
as. a democrat. 

BUTLER, WALTER. SOLOMOX, merchant, philanthropist, 
was born Feb. 4, 1802, in Selma, Ala. • He was educated in 
the public schools of his native state; and graduated from Dal- 
las Academy. He is a successful wholesale and retail bookseller 
and stationer of Selma, Ala. ; and prominently identified with 
the bunness and public affairs of that city. He is a deacon, 
treasurer and trustee of the Christian Church of his city; record- 
ing secretary Alabama Christian Missionary Co-Operation ; 
treasurer of Selma Bible Society; and has been vice-president 
and director of the Young Men's Christian Association. His 
grandfather, Solomon Butler, came to Alabama about 1800 
from South Carolina. 

BUTLER, WILLIAM, congressman, was born in Columbia, 
S. C. He was a Representative in Congress from South Caro- 
lina from 1841 to 1843. He died in South Carolina. 

BUTLER. WILLIAM, lawyer, jurist, was born Dec. 22, 1822, 
in Chester County, Pa. In 1879-99 he was United States Dis- 
trict Judge for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 

BUTLER, WILLIAM, soldier, physician, state legislator, was 
born in 1759 in Prince William County, Pa. Soon after the 
war he was made a Brigadier-General, and in 1796 Major-Gen- 
eral of militia. He was a member of the United State? Con- 
gress from 1801 to 1811. He was a member of the convention 



44 HISTOEICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 

which framed the Constitution of South Carolina, and for some 
3'ears a member of the Legislature; and in 1794 he was Sheriff, 
and at one time Magistrate. ]n the War of 1812 he connnanded 
the South Carolina troop? for state defense. He died Xov. 15, 
1821, in Columbus, S. C. 

BUTLER, WILLIAM, missionary, author, was born in 1818 
in Ireland. He was a Methodist missionary, and the author of 
The Land of the Veda ; From Boston to Bareilly and Back ; 
and Mexico in Transition from the Power of Political Roman- 
ism to Civil and Religious Liberty. He died Aug. 15, 1899, in 
Old Orchard, Maine. 

BUTLER, WiILLIAM ALLEN, author, poet, was born Feb. 
20, 1825, in Albany, N. Y. He was a lawyer of New York City, 
and had been president of the American Bar Association. He 
is well known as a writer of ])oetical satires, among which 
Nothing to Wear has long been famous. Others are, Two Mil- 
lions; Ceneral Average, a satire upon mercantile life; Barnum's 
Parnassus. His prose writings include ]\rartin Van Burcn. a 
biography; ]\Irs. Limber's RalHe, an able attack on the morality 
of church fairs; Domesticus, a story; Oberammiergau ; and The 
Historv of the Revision of the Statutes of New York. He died 
Sept. 9, 1902, in Yonkers, N. Y. 

BUTLER, AYILLIAM J., physician, surgeon, was liorn Jan. 
17, 1873, in Branchdale, Pa. He received his education under 
the tuition of his father, the late Prof. Michael Pierce But- 
ler, for thirty-five years an instructor in tlie public schools of 
Pennsylvania. He served five years in the drug business; and 
in 1885 graduated from the medical department of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. Eor about a year he was resident 
physician of the Wilkesbarre Hospital. Since 188G he has prac- 
ticed his profession in Wilkesbarre, Pa. : and is at the present 
time surgeon to Mercy Hospital. 

BUTLER, WILLIAM JOSEPH, lawyer, legislator, was born 
May 13, 1868, in Springfield, 111. He has attained distinction 
as a lawj^er, and in 1895-96 was a member of the Thirty-ninth 
General Assemibly of Illinois. 

BUTLER. WILLIAM MORRIS, physician, surgeon, was 
born March 26, 1850, in Maine. Broome County, N. Y. He was 
educated at the Cortland Academy of Homer, N. Y. ; and grad- 
uated from Hamilton College. He graduated in medicine from 
the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York City; 
and attended a college of medicine in Paris, France. He has 
been New York State Medical l^^xamincr; Professor of Mental 
Diseases at the New York Homfeopathic College and physician 



HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 45 

to the Middletown State Hosj^ital. . He has a large practice in 
Brooklyn and New York City; and is Consulting Neurologist 
to the Memorial Hospital and Infant's Hospital of Brooklyn, 
^]Sr. Y, He has been president of the Orange County Homeo- 
pathic Society; president of the Kings County Homoeopathic 
Society; and president of the New York State Homoeopathic 
Society. 

BUTLEE, WILLIAM MOSES,, farmer, was bom June 23, 
1847, in Clarendon, S. C. He was educated in the public schools 
of his native state, and at the Arsenal of Columbia, S. C. He 
is a successful farmer of Silver, S. C; and greatly interested 
in the business and public welfare of his community. 

BUTLER, WILLIAM 0., soldier, public official, poet, was 
bom in 1793 in Jessamine County, Ky. He enlisted as a soldier 
in the War of 1812. He was elected a Representative in Con- 
gress from Kentucky in 1839, and re-elected in 1841. During 
the war with Mexico he obtained such distinction that he was 
promoted to the position of ]\Iajor-General in the Regular army ; 
and a sword was voted to him by Congress. In 1848 he was 
the democratic candidate for vice-president, on the ticket with 
Lewis Cass for president. He was appointed Governor of Ne- 
braska territory, but declined the appointment. He was the au- 
thor of numy fugitive pieces of poetry, several of which possess 
uncommon merit, and one, entitled The Boat Horn, attained 
great popularity. Ho died in Kentucky. 

BUTLER, WILLIAM OLIVER, business man, dental sur- 
geon, was born March 25, 1850, in St. Francisville, Mo. He 
was educated at Pennsylvania College; and is now a successful 
dental surgeon of lia Harpe, 111. He is prominently identified 
with the business and public affairs of his city; and has filled 
several positions of trust and honor. 

BUTLER. WILLIAM OMER, clergyman, was bom Oct. 28, 
1867, in Lawrenceburg, Ind. He received a thorough education; 
and graduated from the Northwestern University and other in- 
stitutions of learning. He is an eminent priest of the Ameri- 
can Episcopal Church; and has filled pastorates at St. Alban's 
Church of Fullerton. Neb. ; has been assistant priest at St. 
Bartholomew's Church of Chicago, 111. ; and is now priest of 
St. Paul's Church of Savanna, 111. 

BUTLER. WOLCOTT H., lawyer, business man, was born 
May 9, 18G5, in Allegan, Mich. He graduated from the Alle- 
gan High School ; graduated from the Literary and Law de- 
partments of the University of Michigan; and received the de- 
grees of Ph. B. and LL. B. from that institution. He has 



40 UlSTOniCAL AND JJIOGRAPIilCAL. 

attained ^^iiccos.s in tl.c jiractice of law at Ann Arbor, Mich.; 
ife interosted in the real estate business: and prominently iden- 
tified with the l)nsiness and public affairs of that citv. 

BUTLEK, ZEBULON, soldier, was born in 1781 in Lyme. ^ 
Conn. In 1TG9 he settled at W3'oming, Pa. In the early part 
of the Revolutionary war he was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the 
Connecticut line, serving in New Jersev in 1777-78. and be>- 
came Colonel on March 13, 1778. On July 3, 1778,' he com- 
manded the weak garrison at Wyoming at the time of the mas- 
sacre, which he was unable to prevent. He accompanied Sulli- 
van in his Indian expedition in 1779, and served with distinc- 
tion throughout the war. He died July 28, 179.">. in Wilkes- 
barre. Pa. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 49 

All proper names had originally a peculiar and 
appropriate meaning. Some persons might feel dis- 
posed to argue that there is nothing in the ordinary 
course of things to prevent the giving of names from 
sheer whim and without any meaning; but it is quite 
as diffijult to imagine the absence of motive and of 
fixed guiding principles in the choice of a name as it 
is in any other matter. It would be contrary to Man's 
nature to denote the object of his thoughts by sounds 
which produce no impression upon his memory, no 
representative ' idea in his mind. If the principle 
asserted, then, hold good in the matter of common 
nouns, much more must it be true with regard to the 
proper name, whose characteristic is, as we have said, 
that it places under our very eyes as it were, the 
individual object to which it is applied. 

That some definite idea should belong to the name 
when uttered, is so much needed by men in general 
that the natives of North America are in the habit of 
giving a name selected from their own language to 
any stranger deemed worthy of their especial notice. 
To them his own name does not sufficiently describe 
him, because it probably conveys no idea connected 
with his physical appearance. An anecdote is related 
of the Imaum of Muscat who when about to appoint 
a private physician asked his name. " Yincenzo," was 
the ph3^sician's reply. Not understanding it, the prince 
requested that its meaning should be explained in 
Arabic. The Italian gave the meaning, as Mansour, 
or Victorious, and the prince delighted with the happy 
omen offered by the name, ever after called him 
"Sheik Mansour." 

If we glance next at the records of travellers in 
distant countries, we shall find that whether they be 
private individuals or men engaged in scientific in- 
quiry, they never give a name to a people, a country, 



50 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

an island, or an unknown rock, without some defi- 
nite reason. Soni2 allusion is mads in it to physical 
conformation, to dress, to customs, to external pecu- 
liarities, or to certain circumstances which n\ade, the 
discovery a remarkable one. This natural habit has 
rarely been deviated from except when a desire has 
been felt to erect some geographical monument on 
distant shores, in honor of some denizen of the heavens; 
or to record, in a lasting form, some contemporary 
event, or the name of some contemporary character 
of distinction; or, lastly, to perpetuate the memory 
of a benefactor of his kind, and to testify of a na- 
tion's gratitude to a fellow-countryman of great pre- 
eminence. The long catalogue of proper names, with 
a 'meaning, \vhich may yet be found among our older 
nations, in spite of mixture and corruption of races; 
and the longer catalogue disclosed by etymological 
inquiry, fully bear out these remarks. Schegel, a very 
learned philosopher, has traced descriptive epithets in 
almost all Hindoo names. So marked was the exist- 
ence of these meanings among the Hebrews, that 
their literature is strangeh' tinged by their influence. 
The older names among the Arabs, and those since 
introduced into general use, are highly significative; 
the face is acknowledged in the case of Grecian names, 
and the remark is equally true of all names derived 
from Teutonic origin. The most distant nations in 
our own more immediate circle of civilization exhibit 
no difference in this respect. Most of the natives of 
North America are named after some animal; during 
their lifetime they receive another title when chey 
have earned it by some deed of daring, which it ex 
plains and of which it is the token. The name of a 
most powerful chief in one of the Marquesas Islands, 
contains an allusion to the shape of a canoe, in the 
management of which he excelled. Thunder is the 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 51 

name of the King of the Chenooks, a warlike tribe 
who live on the left bank of the river Columbia The 
Kamtchadales, Koriakes, and Kuriles, have all of 
them significant names. 

SURNAMES. 

In the first ages of the world a single name was 
sufficient for each individual; and that name was 
generally invented for the person, in allusion to the 
circumstances attending his birth, or to some personal 
quality he possessed, or which his pai'ents iondXy 
hoped he might in future possess. 

Christian names being given in infancy, and by 
friends and relatives, cannot, as a general rule, have 
bad significations, or be associated with crime or mis- 
fortune. It is otherwise, however, with surnames. 
These will be found to be of all shades, from the best 
to the worst, the most pleasing to the most ridiculous. 
They originated later in life, after the character and 
habits of the individual had been formed, and after 
he had engaged in some permanent occupation, trade, 
or pursuit. They were given b^'- the communit3^ in 
v^diich he dwelt — by enemies as well as by friends. 

The first approach to the modern s\^stem of 
nomenclature is found in the assumption of the name 
of One's Sire in addition to his own proper name ; 
as Caleb the son of Jephunneh. Sometimes the adjunct 
expressed the country or profession of the bearer; 
sometimes some excellence or blemish; as Diogenes 
the Cynic ; or Dionysius the Tyrant. 

A mother's name, that of a parent, or of some 
remoter ancestor more illustrious than the father, 
have in the same w^aj^ been used to form new names. 
A like attention has been paid to sentiments of friend- 
ship and gratitude. Sometimes the wife's name be^ 
came the husband's surname. The name of the tribe 



52 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

or people to which a man belonged might also be- 
vome a surname. If any particular name described 
the locality of a man's residence or property-, it inay 
serve the same purpose. Personal acts and qualities 
have given rise to a great variety of surnames. 

Surnames are traceable to several chief sources. 
There will be seen evidences in pliA^sical and political 
geograplw that the designations of countries, moun- 
tains, rivers, districts, towns, villages, hamlets, are all 
associated with the names of persons whom we daih^ 
meet, suggesting to the thoughtful mind most inter- 
esting topics regarding the histories of families and 
places. 

Though the majority of our ancient family names 
are territorial, we have many large classes of excep- 
tions, and the origin of most of them is not at all 
doubtful. 

Surnames can scarceh^ be said to have been per- 
manently settled before the era of the Reformation. 
The keeping of parish registers was probably more 
instrumental than anything else in settling them ; for 
if a person were entered under one name at baptism, 
it is not likeh^ he would be married under another 
and buried under a third ; in some instances, prior to 
the keeping of parish registers, persons were recorded 
as having different names at different periods of their 
life. As to the derivations of surnames, it should be 
remembered, that places were named before families. 
You have oni3' to examine axiy of those nam-es which 
serve for lands and also for persons, to see this plainly. 
if you found the name of Cruickshanks, or Pretty- 
man, Black-mantle, or Great-head, you would not 
hesitate. These are evidently coined for persons, and 
vou find no such names of land, or for the double 
purpose. But then a-ou can have as little douijt tliat 
Aa'pes like Church-hill, Green-hill, Hazel-wood. Saudi- 



ORIGIN GF THE SURNAME. 53 

lands, were first given to places ; and when you find 
them borne both b\' land and persons, 3'ou will con- 
clude the persons took them from the territories. In 
general then, when a place and a family have the 
same name it is the place that gives the name to the 
people, not the famih- to the place. This rule, which 
will not be disputed by any one who has bestowed 
some stud^' or thought on the subject, has very few 
exceptions. 

There is a class of fables, the invention of a set 
of bungling genealogists, who, b\^ a process like that 
which heralds call canting — catching at a sound — pre- 
tend that the Douglases had their name from a Gaelic 
w^ord, said to mean a dark gray man, but which 
never could be descriptive of a man at all; that the 
Forbeses were at first called For beast, because they 
killed a great bear; that Dalyell is from a Gaelic 
word, meaning "I dare;" that the Guthries were so 
called from the homeh' origin of gutting three had- 
docks for King David the Second's entertainment, 
when he landed very hungry on the Brae of Bervie 
from his French voyage. These clumsy inventions of 
a late age, if they were reall\^ meant to be seriously 
credited, disappear when we find from record that 
there were very ancient territories, and even parishes, 
of Douglas, Forbes, Dah-ell, and Guthrie, long before 
the names came into use as famih^ surnames. 

It was formerlj^ customar\' to receive names from 
ancestors by compounding their name with a word 
indicating filial relationship. Xames so compounded 
were termed patron^^mics, from Pater: father, and 
Onoma : a name — father being used in the sense of 
ancestor. When personal names merged into family 
appellations, patronj-mics became obsolete; or, more 
correctly, ceased to be formed. Before this change 
was effected, in case a man was called Dennis: bom 



54 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

on the Day of St. Dennis, sometimes his eldest son 
would be called Dennison, whieh in some cases, be- 
came Tennyson: and a man from a village in which 
was a church dedicated to St. Dennis was called 
Dennistoun. After the period in which descriptive 
names flourished, each of his children, whether male 
or female, would be called Dennis, so that this be- 
came literally a patron3'mic, inasmuch as it was a 
name received from a father. Howbeit, only those 
names that were taken from a parent when such 
ivas not the rule are called patron^miics. Personal 
names lead the van as to ail others, and are the 
basis of half their successors. Long after personal 
names were almost as widely diffused as persons, we 
find patronymics coming into use, the offspring of 
necessity arising out of multiplicity. 

But when we come to realize that nearly ona- 
third of Englishmen were known either by the name 
of William or John about the jear 1300, it Vvall be 
seen that the pet name and nick form were no freak, 
but a necessity. We dare not attempt a categor}-, 
but the surnames of to-da}^ tell us much. Will was 
quite a distinct 3'outh from Willot, Willot from Wil- 
inot, Wilmot from Wilkin, and Wilkin from Wilcock. 
There might be half a dozen Johns about the farm- 
stea,d, but it mattered little so long as one was called 
Jack, another Jenning, a third Jenkin, a fourth Jack- 
cock (now Jacox as a surname), a fifth Brownjohn, 
and sixth Micklejohn, or Littlejohn, or Properjolm 
(i.e., well-built or handsome). 

The first name looking like a patronymic is ante- 
diluvian, viz., Tubal-Cain: flowing out from Cain, as 
though O'Cain, given to intimate pride in relation- 
ship to Cain. During the Israelitish theocracy Gentile 
patronymics were in common use, as Hittites from 
Heth, but those personal came in later. As soon, 



56 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

however, as the New Testament opens w-e meet with 
Bar-Jonah, Bar-Abbas, names received from fathers in 
the conventional patronymical sense. It is, therefore, 
manifest that the chronology of patronymics, the 
period of their formation, lies about midway between 
primitive ages and time current. 

The Saxons sometimes bestowed honorable appel- 
lations on those who had signalized themselves by 
the performance of any gallant action, like the Ro- 
man Cognomina. Every person conversant wath the 
history of those times will call to mind that England 
w^as much infested with wolves, and that large re- 
wards were given to such as w^ere able by force or 
stratagem, to subdue them. To kill a wolf was to 
destroy a dangerous enemy, and to confer a benefit 
on society. Hence several Saxon proper names, ending 
in ulph and w^olf, as Biddulph, the wolf-killer, or 
more properly " wolf-compeller, " and some others; 
but these, among the common people at least, did 
not descend from father to son in Ihe manner of 
modem surnames. 

Another early species of surname adjunct is the 
epithet Great, as Alexander the Great ; with words 
expressive of other qualities, as Edmund Iron-side, 
Harold Hare-foot; and among the kings of Norway 
there w^as a Bare-foot. France had monarchs named 
Charles the Bald, Louis the Stutterer, and Philip the 
Fair. 

As societj^ advanced more in refinement, partly for 
euphon\', and partly for the sake of distinction, other 
names came into common use. 

Modern nations have adopted various methods of 
distinguishing families. The Highlanders of Scotland 
emplo\'ed the sirename with Mac, and hence our Mac- 
donalds and IMacartys, meaning respectively the son 
of Donald and of Arthur. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 57 

It w^ould, how^ever, be preposterous to imagine 
that surnames universally prevailed so early as the 
eleventh century. We have overwhelming evidence 
that they did not ; and must admit that although the 
Norman Conquest did much to introduce the practice 
of using them, it was long before the\' became very 
common. The occasional use of surnames in England 
dates beyond the ingress of the Normans. Surnames 
were taken up in a very gradual manner bj^ the great, 
(both of Saxon and Norman descent) during the ele- 
venth, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. By the mid- 
dle of the twelfth, however, it appears that they were 
(in the estimation of some) necessary appendages to 
families of rank, to distinguish them from those of 
meaner extraction. 

The unsettled state of surnames in those early 
times renders it a difficult matter to trace the pedi- 
gree of any famil3^ be3^ond the thirteenth centur\'. In 
Cheshire, a county remarkable for the number of its 
resident families of great anticiuit3', it was ver^' usual 
for younger branches of the famih', la^'ing aside the 
name of their father, to take their name from the 
place of their residences, and thus in three descents 
as many surnames are found in the same familv. 
This remark ma3^ be forcibly illustrated b^-- reference 
to the early pedigree of the famih^ of Fitz-Hugh. 
which name did not settle down as a fixed appellative 
until the time of Edward III. 

Althousfh most towns have borrowed their names 
from their situation and other respects, j^et with some 
apt termination have derived their names from men; 
as Edwardston and Alfredstone. But these were from 
forenames or christian names, and not from sire 
names; and even almost to the period of the con- 
quest forenames of men were generally given as names 
of places. 



58 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

The Normans are thought to have been the firsi 
to introduce the practice of fixed surnames among us^ 
and certain^ a little while before the conquest, some 
of these adventurers had taken familj^ names from 
their chateaux in Normand3\ "Neither is there any 
village in Normandy, "'says Camden, "that gave not 
denomination to some family in England." The French 
names introduced into England at the conquest may 
generailv be known by the prefixes de, du, des, de. la, 
St.; and b\^ the suffixes font, ers, lant, deau, age, 
mont, ard, aux, bois, l_v, eux, et, val, coui-t, -"an?:, 
lay, fort, ot, champ, tind dille, most of which are 
component parts of proper names of places, as every 
:lJ ma3^ convince himself by the slightest glance at 
the map of Northern France. But that these Norman 
surnames had not been of long standing is very cer- 
tain, for at the Conquest it was onlv one hundred 
and sixty years since the first band of Northmen 
rowed up the Seine, under their leader Hrolf, whom 
our histor\^ books honor with the theatrical name of 
Rollo, but who was known among his people a/ 
"Hrolf the Ganger." 

But whether in imitation of the Norman lords, or 
from the great convenience of the distinction, the use 
of fixed surnames arose in France about the year 
1000; came into England sixty \'ears later, or with 
the Norman Co,nquest; and reached Scotland, speak- 
ing roundly, about the year 1100. 

The first example of fixed surnames in an\^ num- 
ber in England, are to be found in the Conqueror's 
Valuation Book called Domesday. "Yet in England," 
again to C|uote the judicious Camden, "certain it is, 
that as the better sort, even from the Conquest, by 
little and little took surnames, so they were not set- 
tled among the common people fully imtll about tlie 
time of Edward the Second." 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 59 

Those dashing Norman adventurers introduced to 
the British Isle the custom of chivalry and the sur- 
names they had adopted* from their paternal castles 
across the channel. Thev made a rage for kni^fht- 
hood and turned the ladies' heads. An English prin- 
cess declined to marry a suitor who "had not two 
names." Henry I wished to marry his natural son 
Roljert to Mabel, one of the heiresses of Fitz-Hamon. 
The lad}^ demurred : 

, "It were to me a great shame 

To have a lord Avithouten his twa name.'' 
Whereupon King Henr\'- gave him the surname of 
Fitzroj', which means son of a king. 

The era of fixed surnames does not rest only on 
the authority of Camden. It can be proved by a 
thousand records, English and Scotch. It is almost 
sufficiently proved wh'='n it can be shown the race of 
Stuart — already first of Scotch families in opulence 
and power, distinguished b\' no surnames for several 
generations after the Norman Conquest. Much later 
the ancestors of the princelv line of Hamilton were 
known as Walter Fitz-Gilbert, and Gilbert Fitz-Walter, 
before it occurred to them to assume the name their 
lunsmen had borne in England. But surnames -were 
undoubtedly first used in the twelfth century-, and 
came into general use in the following one. 

THE SAXON PATRONYMIC 

Was formed bv addins" insr to the ancestor's name, as 
.^ilfreding, which means Alfred's son; the plural for 
Avhich is yElfredingas. 

THE ENGLISH PATRONYMIC, 

Which is exceedingly common, is generallj^ indicated by 
affixing son to the name of a progenitor, and is in- 



60 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

capable of Ijeing used in a plural form or in the gen- 
eric sense. For instance, Gibson, a son of Gibbs, a 
contraction for Gilbert. Munson, a son of Alunn, a 
contraction of Edmund. 

DE AND MAC 

Are from the Latin Avord De, which means of. This is 
a Patron3'^mical sign common to French, Italian, and 
even German names. Thus Deluc, Avhich means of 
Luke. D wight means of Wight ; and De Foe means 
of the Faith. 

FITZ. 

Fitz stands for Filius, a son, and received through 
the Normans. 

VAN AND YON. 

Corresponding more or less closeh^ with de, ac, is 
the Dutch van, and usually applied with the force of 
the, as Vandersteen, which means of the stone, hill, 
from which have sprung Folli, Fell, Knox. Vander- 
velde means of the field ; Van Meter means living on 
hired land; and Vandeveer means of the ferry, 

THE WELSH PATRONYMIC 

Is a form of the Celtic means mac, which the Cam- 
brian people made Mab or Map, and shortening it to 
a letter b, p, or its cognate f, gave it work to do as a 
patronymical prefix. Thus, Probart, son of Robert ; 
Probyn, son of Robin; Blake, son of Lake; Bowen, 
son of Owen; Price, son of Rice or Rheese ; Priddle, 
son of Riddle; and Prichard, son of Richard. 

MILESIAN PATRONYMIC. 

The Highlanders, Irish and Welsh hold mac in 
common. The Welsh delight to have it in the forms 
of mab, map, ap, hop, b, p, f. In Irish names mac 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 61 

tends toward mag, ma, and c. But Scotland took 
most lovingly to mac. The Milesians found a greater 
charm in Eoghan: a son, forming iia, and that used 
as O in the sense of eldest son, for he only was al- 
lowed to use it. The Irish developed a patronymic 
out of their Erse treasur3r more elastic and poetic 
than the Gaelic mac. The Celtic for young, offspring 
son, is, as above given, eoghan, whence Egan for 
Hugh, eoghan : son of Hugh; and also Flanegan, son 
of Flan. 

THE GALLIC PATRONYMIC 

Is mac, meaning a son ; and O from eoghan, for a fir «t- 
born son. The Gaels also had a jDatronymical afix 
derived from eoghan, known as ach, och, the sou/ce 
of our ock, as seen in hillock, which means little hill. 

THE SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE PATRONYMIC 

Is formed by az, or ez iiffixed. The two words are vari- 
ations of the tail Fih'iis, a son ; as Alvarez, son of 
Alva; and Enriquez, son of Henr\'. 

THE ITALIAN PATRONYMIC 

Was sometimes formed by placing the name of a son 
before the name of his father, as Galileo Galilei, which 
means Galileo, the son of Galilei ; Speron Speroni, 
which means Speron, the son of Speroni. 

THE RUSSIAN PATRONYMIC 

Is itch for a son ; and of, ef or if for a grandson or 
descendant. Romanovitch Jouriff: son of Romain, 
grandson of Jour}- ; and Romanoff, descended from 
Romain, son of Rome. 



62 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 



THE MODERN GREEK PATRONYMIC 

Assumes the forms pulos, soiila, as in the name Niccl- 
opiilos, son of Nicholas. 

THE GERMAN, DUTCH, SWEDISH, AND LAPLW'D PA- 
TRONYMIC 

Are sdMii, zen, sen. son. zoon, and dotter, such as Men- 
delssohn, son of Mendel; Thorwakben, son of Thor- 
wald ; and Larsdotter, son of Lars. 

LITHUANIAN PATRONYMIC 

Is aitis, ait or at, used as affix, thus, Adoniaitis, mean- 
ing a son of Adam. 

THE HINDOSTANEE PATRONYMICS 

Is putra, added as an affix ; as occurs in Rajaputra, 
son of a king. 

THE CHINESE PATRONYMIC 



Is ise, or se, used as an affix, as Kung-fut-se, which 
means Kung, the son of Fo ; and Yang-tsc-Kiang, 
river, son of the ocean. 

TE:E latin PATRONYMIC 

Is ilius, as Hostilius, son of Hostis. 

THE GREEK PATRONYMIC 

Is icias, modified to ida, ides, id, i, od. For instance, 
Aristides, son of Ariston. 

THE HEBREW PATRONYMIC 

Proper is hen, from the word Eben, a stone. The Chal- 
dees used Bar in the sense of lofty, elevated, superioi", 
which was primarily applied to eminence, and is iden- 
tical with our Barr. As Barzillai, son of Zillai; Ben- 
Joseph, son of Joseph. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 63 

KIN. 

The primary sense ot kin seems to have been rela* 
tionship: from thence family or offspring. 

The next meanhig acquired by kin was child, or 
''young one." We still speak in a diminutive sense 
of a manikin, kilderkin, pipkin, lambkin, jerkin, mini- 
kin (little Minion), or Doitkin. 

Terminations in kin were slightly going down in 
popular estimation when the Hebrew invasion made 
a clean sweep of them. They found shelter in Wales, 
however, and directories preserve in their list of sur- 
names their memorial forever. 

In proof of the popularity of kin are the surnames 
of Simpkinson, Hopkins, Dickens, Dickinson, Watkins, 
Hawkins, Jenkinson, Atkinson, and all the rest. The 
patronymics ending in kins got abbreviated into kiss, 
kes, and ks. Hence the origin of our Perkes, Purkiss, 
Hawkes, and Hawks, Dawks, Jenks, Juckes, and Jukes 
(Judkins). 

IN OR ON. 

This diminutive, to judge from the Paris Directory, 
must have been enormously popular with the French. 
England's connection vvath Normandy and France 
generally brought the fashion to the EngHsh Court, 
and in habits of this kind the English folk quickly 
copied. Terminations in kin and cock were confined 
to the lower orders first and last. Terminations in 
on or in and ot or et, were the introduction of fash- 
ion, and being under patronage of the highest families 
in the land, naturally obtained a much wider popu- 
larit3^ 

OT AND ET. 

These are the terminations tliat ran first in favor for 
many generations, 



64 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

This diminutive ot et is found in the Enghsh lan- 
;_:uage in such words as poppet, jacket, lancet, ballot, 
gibbet, target, gigot, chariot, latchet. pocket, ballet. 
In the same way a little page became a paget, and 
hence among our surnames Smallpage, Littlepage, 
and Paget. 

Coming to baptism, we find scarcely a single 
name of any pretentions to popularity that did not 
take to itself this desinence. The two favorite girl- 
names in Yorkshire previous to the Reformation were 
Matilda and Emma. Two of the commonest sur- 
names there to-day are Emmott and Tillot, with such 
variations as Eromett and Tillett, Emmotson and 
Tillotson. 

Of other girl-names we may mention Alaljel, which 
from Mab became Mabbott; Douce became Doucett 
and Dowsett; Gillian or Julian, from Gill or Jill 
(whence Jack and Jill), became Gillot, Juliet, and 
Jowett; Margaret became Margett and Margott, and 
in the north Magot. 

NAMES DERIVED FROM OCCUPATIONS AND PURSUITS. 

After these local names "the most in number have 
been derived from Occupations or Professions," 

The practice of borrowing names from the various 
avocations of life is of high antiquity. Thus the Ro- 
mans had among them many persons, and those too 
of the highest rank, who bore such names as Figulus, 
Pictor, and Fabritius, answering to the Potters and 
Paynters, of our own times. These names became 
hereditary, next in order after the local names, about 
the eleventh and twelfth centuries. As local names 
generalh' had the prefix de or at, so these frequently 
had le, as Stephen le Spicer, and Walter le Boucher. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 65 

NAMES DERIVED FROM DIGNITIES, CIVIL AND ECCLESI- 
ASTICAL; AND FROM OFFICES. 

The same principle which introduced surnames bor- 
rowed from trades and occupations led to the adop- 
tion of the names of dignities and offices, which also 
became hereditar^^; as Emperor, King, Prince, Duke, 
Earle, Pope, Bishop, Cardinal, etc. 

SURNAMES DERIVED FROM PERSONAL AND MENTAL 

QUALITIES. 

These seem to form one of the most obvious sources 
of surnames, and a prolific source it has been. Noth- 
ing would be more natural at the first assumption 
of surnames, than for a person of dark complexion 
to take the name of Black or Blackman, a tawny 
one that of Browne, and a pale one that of White 
or Whiteman. But it was not from the head alone 
that names of this description were taken, for we 
have, in respect of other personal qualities, our Longs 
and our Shorts, our Strongs and our Weaklvs, and 
our Lightfoots and our Heavisides, with many more 
whose meaning is less obvious. Among the names 
indicative of mental or moral equalities, we have our 
Hardys and Cowards, our Liveh's and our Sullens, 
our Brisks and our Doolittles; and Brainhead, which 
later became Brainerd. 

SURNAMES DERIVED FROM CHRISTIAN NAMES. 

Ever3'body must have remarked the great number 
of names of this kind. Who does not immediately 
call to mind some score or two of the name of Ed- 
wards, Johnson, Stevens, and Harrison, in the circle 
of his acquaintance. Many of the christian forenames 
of our ancestors w^ere taken up without an3^ addi- 



66 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

tion or change, as Anthony, Andrew, Abel, Baldwin, 
Donald, etc. Others have been corrupted in various 
ways, as Bennet from Benedict, Cutbeard from Cuth- 
bert, Stace from Ustace. 

NAMES FROM MANORS AND SMALLER ESTATES. 

The surnames from these sources are almost in- 
numerable. There is scarcely a cit3^ town, village, 
manor, hamlet, or estate, in England, that has not 
lent its name to swell the nomenclature of English- 
men. 

SURNAMES FROM VARIOUS THLNGS. 

We find the names of the heavenly bodies, beasts, 
birds, fishes, insects, plants, fruits, flowers, metals, 
etc., very frequentlv borne as surnames; as Sun, 
Moon, Star, Bear, Buck, Chicken", Raven, Crab, Cod, 
Bee, Fh', Lil}', Primrose, Orange, Lemon, Gold, 
Silver, etc. 

SURNAMES FROM THE SOCIAL RELATIONS, PERIODS OF 

AGE, TIME, ETC. 

There are several surnames derived from consan- 
guinity, alliance, and from other social relations, orig- 
inating, from there having been two or more persons 
bearing the same christian name in the same neigh- 
borhood; as Fader, Brothers, Cousins, Husbands; and 
closely connected with the foregoing are the names 
derived from periods of age, as Young, Younger, Ekl, 
Senior. From periods of time we have several names, 
as Spring, Summer, Winter. The following surnames 
ma}^ also find a place here: Soone, Later, Latter, 
Last, Quickly. 

A CABINET OF ODDITIES. 

There are a good man^^ surnames which seem to 
have originated in sheer caprice, as no satisfactory 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 67 

reason for their assumption can be assigned. It is 
doubtful, indeed, if they were ever assumed at all, for 
the3^ have very much the appearance of what, in these 
days, Ave are accustomed to call nicknames or sobri- 
quets, and were probably given by others to the per- 
sons who were first known by them, and so identified 
with those persons that neither they nor their im- 
mediate posterit3^ could well avoid them. To this 
family belong the names borrowed from parts of the 
human figure, which are somewhat numerous; as 
Pate, Skull, Cheek, Neck, Side, Nailes, Heele, etc. 
Then there is another set of names not much less 
ridiculous, nameh" those borrowed from coins, and 
denominations of monev, as Farthing, Money, Pen- 
n\\ Besides these we have from the weather. Frost, 
Tempest, and Fogg; from sports, Bowles, Cards; from 
vessels and their parts. Forecastle, Ship; from mea- 
sures, Peck, Inches; from numbers, Six, Ten. 

It is really remarkable that many surnames ex- 
pressive of bodih^ deformity or moral turpitude should 
have descended to the posteritj- of those who perhaps 
well deserved and so could not escape them, when 
we reflect how easily such names might have been 
avoided in almost everj- state of society bj' the simple 
adoption of others ; for although in our day it is con- 
sidered an act of villain\', or at least a "suspicious 
affair," to change one's name unless in compliance 
with the will of a deceased friend, \vhen an act of 
the senate or the ro\'al sign-manual is required, the 
case was widelv different four or five centuries ago, 
and we know from ancient records that names were 
frecjuently changed at the caprice of the owners. 
Names of this kind are very numerous, such as. Bad, 
Silly, Outlaw, Trash, etc. 



68 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

NAMES DERIVED FROM VIRTUES AND OTHER ABSTRACT 

IDEAS. 

To account for such names as Justice, Virtue, Pru- 
dence, Wisdom, Libert}:, Hope, Peace, Joy, Anguish, 
Comfort, Want, Pride, Grace, Laughter, Luck, Peace, 
Power, Warr, Ramson, Love, Verit\'-, Vice, Patience, 
etc., they undoubtedly originated in the allegorical 
characters who performed on the ancient m\'steries or 
tnoralities; a specie of dramatics pieces, which before 
the rise of the genuine drama served to amuse under 
the pretext of instructing the play-goers of the "old- 
en tyme." 

FOREIGN NAMES NATURALIZED IN ENGLAND. 

Various causes might be assigned for the variety 
that exists in the nomenclature of Englishmen. Pro- 
bably the' principal cause is to be found in the pecu- 
liar facilities which that island had for many ages 
presented to the settlement of foreigners. War, royal 
matches with foreign princesses, the introduction of 
manufactures from the continent, and the patronage 
which that country has alwaj's extended to exeiy 
kind of foreign talent — all have of course tended to 
introduction of new names. 

CHANGED SURNAMES. 

The practice of altering one's name upon the oc- 
currence of an}' remarkable event in one's personal 
histor}^, seems to have been known in times of very 
I'cmote antiquity. The substitution of Abraham for 
Abram, Sarah for Sarai, etc., are matters of sacred 
history. In France it \tas formerly customar\' for 
eldest sons to take their father's surnames, while the 
3-ounger branches assumed the names of the states 
allotted them. This plan also prevailed in England 
sometime after the Norman Conquest. 



ORIGIN GF THE SURNAME. 69 

111 the United States they carry this system of 
corrupting or contracting names to a ridiculous ex- 
tent. Barnham is Barnum; Farnham (fern ground) 
Farnum; Killham (kihi house or home), Killum; Birk- 
ham (birch house) Birkum, and so forth with similar 
names. Pollock becomes Polk; Colquhoun becomes 
Calhoun; and M'Candish becomes Al'Candless. 

HISTORICAL SURNAMES. 

By an historical surname is meant a name which 
has an illusion to some circumstance in the life of the 
person who primarily bore it. Thus Sans-terre or 
Lack-land, the b\'-name of King John, as having rela- 
tion to one incident in that monarch's life, might be 
designated an historical surname. To this class of 
surnames also, belongs that of Nestling, borne by a 
Saxon earl, who in his infancy, according to Verstegan, 
had been rescued from an eagle's nest. 

TRANSLATED NAMES. 

During the middle ages the Latin language was 
the language of literature and politics; accordingly^ 
in histor}' and in the public records proper names had 
to assume a Latin form. The change was not al- 
ways a happy one. Authors were obliged to change 
their own names as well as the names of the persons 
the\' celebrated in either prose or verse. The history 
of France was still written in Latin in the seventeenth 
century, all names conseciuently recorded in Latin. 
In the sixteenth century the Germans used to trans- 
late them into Greek. The absurditj- which it en- 
tailed undoubtedly hastened the disappearance of the 
custom. 

The chiefs of an American tribe in North America 
receive a new name when they have earned it by 
their exploits. 



70 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

A similar practice prevails in various negro tribes. 

The Greeks, in olden times, used to change their 
names on the smallest pretense, and with tlie greatest 
indifference. 

The emperors of Japan and those of China after 
their death receive a new name. 

ON THE CHANGING OF NAMES. 

With us a woman changes her name when she 
marries; among the Caribs of the Antilles it w^as the 
custom for husband and wife to exchange names. 
In some formerh', and at the present day in Cape 
Verd Islands, a liberated slave takes the name of his 
old master; the adopted person substitutes the name 
of the person Avho adopts him for his own; the law 
allow-s that a donor or testator may require that 
his name should be taken b}' the person benefited. 

In 1568 Philip enacted a law that the Moors 
who lived in Spain should abandon the use of their 
peculiar idiom, and of their national names and sur- 
names, and substitute in their stead Spanish idioms 
and Spanish names. He hoped to make new men of 
them, to denationalize them, if w^e may use the term, 
and to merge thein into his own people. He had a 
keen appreciation of the value of proper names, but 
like all despotic sovereigns, he w^as blind to the in- 
fluence of time, which can- alone produce the gradual 
fusion of a conquering with a conquered people, more 
especially when differences in religion add their over- 
whelming weight to one side of the balance. 

The Moors obeyed, but still retained their nation- 
al feelings and religious beliefs ; later, however, when 
they were compelled to choose between exile on the 
one hand, and apostac\' on the ether, they returned 
to their old country, and carried back with them a 
number of Spanish names. Accordingly, in several 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. . 71 

Mauritanian families descended from the Andalusian 
Mussulmans, we still find the names of Perez, Santi- 
ago, Valenciano, Aragon, etc., names which have 
sometimes led European authors into error, and made 
them ianc\' they saw apostates from Christianity 
among the descendants of the mart3^rs ot Islamism. 

The robbers whose trade it was to carry men 
aw^ay and sell them as slaves, needed no legal com- 
pulsion to change the names of their slaves. The 
precaution wdiich they naturally took in this matter 
baffled the researches of disconsolate parents, who 
could onh" endeavor to recover their lost children by 
a description which was alwa^^s imperfect and always 
uncertain. 

In 'modern times the same system has been 
adopted, although it has not been dictated by equally 
prudential motives. The laws of Christian Europe 
have even in our owai times legalized the sale of 
slaves. As soon as a negro had landed in the colo- 
nies it was usual for his purchaser to give hin a new 
name . 

HEREDITARY NAMES. 

• In England the middle classes acquired a decidedlj^ 
important political influence as early as the year 
1258, or not later than 1264, the quarrels of the 
nobles and the king having opened the road to Par- 
liament for the representatives of the commons. More- 
over, an act that no tax should be levied wnthout 
the consent of their representatives was passed before 
the year 1300, and accordingly, soon after that date, 
we find hereditary names commonly used in the mid- 
dle classes. 

For a contrar^'^ reason the change cannot have 
taken place in Germany until a much later period. 
In order to prove this, an instance is given which 



i^n 



72 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

will be all the more conclusive from its being con- 
nected with an intermediate point between that cotm- 
tr}^ and France. In the town of Metz, which in idiom 
and by union with the dominions of the descendants 
of Clovis and Charlemagne, w^as decidedly French, 
l)ut wdiich for thirty j-ears had been Germanized in 
conseciuence of its political position, 3- ou might have 
noticed at the close of the thirteenth century that its 
chief magistrates, w^ho v^^ere all knights, bore without 
exception individual or derived surnames instead of 
family surnames. When we sa^' derived, we mean either 
from the place in which they lived, or from the post 
which their military duties obliged them to occupy. 
It was not until the close of the latter half of the 
fourteenth century that hereditary names became 
common among men who were high in office, so that 
amone their inferiors it is onlv fair to infer that thev 
-were rarer still. 

The etymology of hereditary names in England 
and in Germany is generally the same as in France 
and Itah'. The following remarks will embodj- the 
inferences to be drawn from their examination, for 
the use of philologists. In languages of Teutonic or- 
igin, when descent is implied merelv, the word son is 
placed after the father's name; such is the derivation 
of all the famih^ names in the languages of Sweden, 
Denmark, Germginy, and England, which terminate in 
this w^ay. There are some exceptions, such as Fergu- 
son and Owenson, which serve to corroborate the 
statement as to the possilDility of the union of two 
languages to form one and the same proper name; 
in the instances quoted above, a Saxon termination 
is joined to a Caledonian or a Welsh name. 

Attention has alread}^ been drawn to the custom 
of giving the father's name, in the genitive case, to 
the son as a surname. The addition of a final s in 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 73 

English, and of the syllable ez in Spain, sufficed to 
change Christian pnvnomina into surnames, and 
afterwards into famih- names; Peters, Williams, 
Richards, Henricjuez, Lopez, Fernandez, literall\' (son) 
of Peter, of William, of Richai'd, of Henry, of Lope 
(or Wolf), of Fernando or Ferdinand. 

D'Andre, Dejean, Depierre, have probably become 
family names in France in a similar way. The name 
of the w^riter who was perhaps the keenest apprecia- 
tor of the genius of the immortal Dante that ever 
lived, Giuseppe di Cesare, show^s that a similar form 
w^as not foreign to Italian customs. 

As in Italy, so also in the greater part of Europe, 
the practice of drawing up deeds and charters in 
Latin w^as almost universal, and in these the son 
was designated by his father's name in the genitive 
case, hence we must attribute all the names which 
are characterized bj^ such a termination to this cus- 
tom. Such names, for instance, as Fabri, Jacobi, 
Simonis, Johannis, etc., names which would be mul- 
tiplied without end if other languages had retained 
the old Latin termination like the Italian. The coun- 
tries where the greatest number will be found will be 
those (it may be quite safely conjectured ) where the 
custom of writing legal documents in Latin prevailed 
the longest. 

Somewhat similar in Wales, the sign of descent, 
or rather of sonship, led to the formation of sur- 
names, which later again became hereditary names. 
The word "ab," when placed between two names, 
expresses descent, Rhys ab Evan (Rhys, the son of 
Evan); the vowel is gradually lost in common use, 
and the name becomes Rhys Evan, and, according to 
the same rule, successively takes the form of the fol- 
lowing patronymics, Bowen, Pruderrech, Price. 

It is still the same theory, only more simply car- 



74. ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

ricd out, which regulated the formation of family 
names in Ireland and in Scotland. As soon as the 
head of a clan had adopted some hereditarj^ name, 
that name was given to all his vassals, whatever 
rank the\^ might happen to occupy, and however re- 
motely connected they might be 1)y ties of kindred 
with the head of the clan, and further, even though 
they had only entered it by enfranchisement or by 
adoption. The feeling of pride which suggested such 
a system is hy no means an offensive one; we excuse 
it on the ground of its similarity to the old patri- 
archal customs; the head of the clan who is so pow- 
erful, and such an object of reverence, is but the eld- 
est brother of a large familv, and the name which he 
takes belongs to all its members. 

It will not be quite so eas^^ to discover a reason 
for the feeling of vanity which in Spain and in Por- 
tugal led to such a tedious multiplicit}^ of names. 
Birthplace, or the customar3' home, are not considered 
sufficient for a full description of a lordW title ; alli- 
ances, adoptions, and the like, were all dragged in to 
increase the number of names. An ignorant phase of 
devotional feeling added to its proportionate share 
to their Christian praenomia; it maA', therefore, be 
easily inferred what needless confusion must have 
arisen in the ordinary transactions of life through 
this two-fold prodigalitv of names. 

As the nobles in Sweden had not adopted heredi- 
tary names before the close of the sixteenth centviry, 
it followed as a matter of course that the middle 
classes did not use them vnitil a still later period 
The choice of names which this latter class made is 
w^orthy of notice. We know many names in France 
which indicate occupations, such as Draper, Aliller, 
Barber, Maker, Slater, Tui*ner,* etc. The same may 

*JVIercier, Meunier, Barbier, Boulanger, Couvreur, Tourneur. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 75 

be found in England, but not in the same quantity; 
ths oldest English commoners were freeholders of 
land rather than either merchants or manufacturers. 
There are few if any such, in Sweden; the greater 
p:irt of their names are the names of properties, or. 
of farms, or of forests, and were of that character 
because they w^ere selected b\^ a class who wished to 
approximate to the nobles b3^ imitating their ways, 
and consequently not because they were the result of 
a need for distinctive signs — a need which is totally 
distinct from any individual wish or caprice. 

In Holstein and in Courland there are still many 
families who have no names peculiarh^ their own. 
In this instance, again, the scourge of feudalism is 
felt in all its severitj'. 

ORIGIN OF OUR FAMILY. 

Whatever concerns the origin of our famih^ — from 
whom proceeded the sturdy men that planted our in- 
fant states has for all of us an especial charm, not only 
from what we know, but for what we hop^ to ascertain. 

Oar ancestors, tracing back their lineage to Pict 
and Dane, to the legionaries of Rome, or to the sea 
kings of the. Baltic, had gained strength from the 
fusion in tiieir nature of various and opposing ele- 
ment?, and combined what was best of man\' races, 

Taat our ancestors were fond of fighting wh^n 
provoked, i-egardhss of personal safety or private 
advantage, cannot be denied. For the five centuries 
following the conquest, wai's at home and abroad 
succeeded with little cessation. Alihtary duty was 
incumbent on all who could bear arms. Personal en- 
counters between knight and squire in mail with lance 
and battle axe, the rest in quilted doublets, with x^ike 
and bow, made men indifferent to danger, and induced 
habits o'' hnrdiiiOod and daring. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

According to some authorities the history of man- 
kind began with Adam and Eve about six thousand 
years ago; and that 1hcir decendants spread over 
Asia first, then over Africa, and then over Europe. 
But science elearh^ points that the Avorld and its in- 
habitants in some form must iiave existed for milhons 
of \^ears. 

It took primitive man four thousand years to learn 
how to make a hole in a stone, insert a stick in it, 
and use it for a weapon. Then he became master of 
the forest, with power readily to provide himself with 
meat-food. From fisherman and hunter man developed 
into a herder of flocks, a tiller of the soil, a cultivator 
of grain. Then came attachment to the family and 
the growth of the family into clans and nations. 

The first historical record is dated about three 
thousand seven hundred A-ears ago, when a man by 
the name of Inachus led a very large companA' of emi- 
grants from Egypt into Greece. These found that 
country inhabited by savages, who no doubt, were 
the descendants of those who had wandered there 
from Asia. 

Inachus and his companies established themselves 
in Greece, and from that point of time Europe gradu- 
ally became occupied b_v civilized people. 

Thus three quarters of the globe, Asia Africa and 
Europe, were settled. But America was separated 
from Asia b_y the Pacific Ocean, almost ten thousand 
miles across; and from Europe and Africa b\^ the At- 
lantic, about three thousand miles across. Of America 
in ancient times people knew nothing. 

The ships in olden times were small and feeble; 
and navigators seldom dared to stretch forth upon 
the boundless sea. Even the mariner's compass, that 
mysterious but steadfast friend of the sailor was not 
used by the Europeans tmtil 1250. 



^ia^^m^^^^M^-mi 




78 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 

It was in the year 1607 that the first emigrants, 
to successfully form a permanent colon^v, landed in 
Virginia. For twelve years after its settlement it 
languished under the government of Sir Thomas 
Smith, Treasurer of the Virginia Company in Eng- 
land. The Colon3' was ruled during that period bv 
laws written in bloocl; and its history shows us how 
the narrow selfishness of such a despotic power would 
counteract the very best elTorts of benevolence. The 
colonist suffered an extremity of distress too horrible 
to be described. 

Of the thousands of emigrants who had been 
sent to Virginia at great cost, not one in twentv 
remained alive in April, 1619, when Sir George 
Yeardley arrived. He bought certain commissions 
and instructions from the company for the "Better 
establishing of a commonwealth here," and the pros- 
perity of Virginia began from this time, when it 
received, as a commonwealth, the freedom to make 
laws for itself. The first meeting was held July 30, 
1619 — more than a 3'ear before the Mayflower, with 
the pilgrims, left the harbor of Southampton. 

The first colony established l^y the Ph^mouth Com- 
pany in 1607, on the coast of Maine, was a lan:cr.t- 
able failure. 

The permanent settlement of New England began 
with the arrival of a body of Separatists in the Aiay- 
flower in 1620, who founded the colony of Plymcutii. 

The Separatists' migration from England was 
followed in a few 3'ears by a great exodus of Pi.ii- 
tans, who planted towns along the coast to tl.c 
North of Plymouth, and obtained a charter of gov- 
ernment and a great strip of land, and founded the 
colony of Massachusetts Bay. 



ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 79 

Religious disputes drove Roger Williams and Anne 
Hutchinson out of Massachusetts and led to the 
founding of Rhode Island in 1636. 

Other church rangles led to an emigration from 
Massachusetts to the Connecticut vallc}', where a 
little confederacy^ of towns was created and called 
Connecticut. 

Some settlers from England went to Long Island 
Sound and there founded four towns which, in their 
turn, joined in a federal union called the New Haven 
Colony. 

In time New Haven was joined to Connecticut, 
and I^h'mouth and Maine to Massachusetts; New 
Hampshire was made a royal colom- and the four 
New England colonies Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 
Rhode Island and Connecticut — were definitely estab- 
lished. The territory of Massachusetts and Connecti- 
cut stretched across the continent to the "South Sea" 
or Pacific Ocean. 

The Maryland colony was founded bj- Lord Bal- 
timore, a Roman Catholic, who \vas influenced in his 
attempts of colonization by a desire to found a refuge 
for people of his own faith; and the first settlement 
was made in 1634- at St. Mary's, Annapolis was 
founded about 1683, and Baltimore in 1723. 

Meantime Henry Hudson in the employ of the 
Dutch, discovered the Delaware and Hudson Rivers in 
1609; and the Dutch, ignoring the claims of England, 
planted colonies on these rivers and called the coun- 
try New Netherlands. 

Then a Swedish compan3^ began to colonize the 
Delaware Bay and River coast of Virginia, which 
they called New Sweden. 

Conflicts between the Dutch and the Swedes fol- 
lowed, and in 1655 New Sweden was made a part of 
New Netherlands. 



80 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 

The English seized New Netherlands in 1664-, giv- 
ing it to the Duke of York; and the Duke, after es- 
tablishing the province of New York, gave New Jersev 
to two of his friends, and sold the three counties on 
the Delaware to William Penn. Mean^vllile the king 
granted Penn what is now Pennsylvania in 1681. 

The Carolinas were first chartered as one proprie- 
tary colony but were sold back to the king and final- 
ly separated in 1729. 

Georgia, the last of the thirteen English colonies, 
was granted to Oglethorpe and others; as a refuge 
for poor debtors, in 1732. 

In 1774 General Gage became governor of Mass- 
achusetts; and seeing that the people were gathering 
stores and cannon, he attempted to destroy the 
stores, and so brought on the battle of Lexington 
and Concord, which opened the war for Independence. 
The English army was surrounded at Yorktown by 
Washington and the French fleet and forced to sur- 
render. A convention at Philadelphia framed the 
Constitution of the United States.. 



NATIONS THAT HAVE OWNED OUR SOIL. 

Before the United States became a nation, six 
European powers owned, or claimed to own, various 
portions of the territory now contained within its 
boundarv. England claimed the Atlantic coast from 
Maine to Florida. Spain once held Florida, Texas, 
California and all the territory south and west of 
Colorado. France in days gone by ruled the Missis- 
sippi valley. Holland once owned New Jersey, Dela- 
ware and the valley of the Hudson in New York and 
claimed as far eastward as the Connecticut River. 
The Swedes had settlements on the Delaware. Alaska 
v^as a Russian possession. 



ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 81 



FORE -X AMES. 

CHRISTIAN names are so called from having orig- 
inaliy been given to converts at baptism as sub- 
stitutes for their former pagan appellatives, manv of 
which were boi rowed from the names of their gods, 
and therefore rejected as profane. After the general 
introduction of Christianitv, the epithet was still re- 
tained, because the imposition of names was ever 
connected wdth the earliest of its sacred rites. It is, 
nevertheless, most incorrect; since the majority of the 
personal names of modern times are borrowed from 
sources unconnected ^vith Christianity. With what 
propriet\^ can we call Hercules and Diana, Augustus 
and Julia, or even Henry a.nd Caroline, Christian 
names? Thej'' should be called forenames (that is 
first names), a term much more preferable to the 
other. Perhaps the word name, without any ad- 
junct, w^ould be better still. We shouli then use the 
name and surname as distinctive words; whereas w^e 
now often regard them synon3"ms. 

From the earliest times, names to distmguish one 
person from another have been in use. The names in 
the Old Testament are mostly original and generally 
given at the birth, in accordance with some circum- 
stance connected with that event, or from some 
pious sentiment of the father or mother. The Jewish 
child received his name at the time of circumcision. 
This practice is still adopted amongst the Jews, and 
has been followed by the Christian Church giving a 
name at baptism. 

The ancient Greeks used only one name, which 
was given on the ninth day after birth, and was 



82 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 

chosen b}^ the father, w^io also possessed the right 
of altering it. These names generally expressed some 
great qualit^^ — as braverN-, wisdom, or skill. Thus 
Callienaehus means excellent fighter; and Sophron 
means wise. In later times many names were derived 
from those of their gods — as A.pollodorus, the Gift of 
Apollo. The eldest son usualh^ bore the name of his 
paternal grandfather, to which w^as sometimes added 
the father's name, or the occupation, place of birth, 
or a nickname. 

The Romans at a Yer_v early date used two 
names, and later on each Roman citizen had three. 
The pra^nomen was, like our Christian name, per- 
sonal to the individual; as Caius and Marcus; in 
writing, the initials only \vere generally used. In 
early times it was given at pubert\', but afterwards 
on the ninth day after birth. Women took no pr^e- 
nomen until marriage, when they adopted the femi- 
nine form of their husband's name. Every Roman 
citizen belonged to a gens and to a familin included 
in it. The nomen gentilicum (the second name) 
usually ended in ius, cius, or aius. The third name 
was the hereditary cognomen borne by the family, to 
which was sometimes a second cognomen called 
agnomen, was added. The cognomen was often de- 
rived from some event in the family history, or from 
some personal defect. In common intercourse the 
pra^nomen and cognomen only \vere used, as C. 
Caesar, for C. Julius Ca?sar. AlanA' of the Roman 
names Avere of a much less dignified origin than the 
Greek, as Cicero (Vetchgrower), Crassus (Fat), Naso 
(Longnosed). 

The Celtic and Teutonic names were originally 
verv significant. Many were derived from "God," as 
Gottfried, Godwin, and others from genii or elves, as 
'ilfred Elfric (Elf King). Personal prowess, wisdom. 



ORIGIN OF Tin: FORH-NAME. 83 

and nobility of Ijirth, were the origin of raan\^ names 
still in use, as Hilderbrand (the War Brand), Arnold 
(Valiant Eagle) Osborn (God bear). After the intro- 
duction of Christianity many of the old names were 
superseded by those taken from the Scriptures. These 
nam33 in course of time became much altered; as for 
example, Owen, Evan, and Eoghan are different 
forms of Johann or John. A change of name ^vas 
sometimes made at confirmation, and amongst 
Roman Catholics an additional name is given at the 
first communion. Sir Edward Coke tells us: "If a 
man be baptized by the name of Thomas, and after 
at his confirmation b\^ th2 bishop he is named John, 
he may purchase by the name of his confirmation. 
And this was th.e case of Sir/ Francis Gawdye, late 
Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, whose 
name of baptism we^s Thomas, and his name of con- 
firmation Francis; and that the name of Francis b\^ 
the advice of all the judges in anno 38, Henry VIII, 
he did bear, and often used in all his purchases and 
grants." Another instance is that of Henr\" III of 
France, who, being the godson of Edward VI of Eng- 
land, was named Edward Alexander at his baptism 
in 1551; but at his confirmation in 1565 these 
names w^ere changed to Henri. 

In Germany the names are mostly of Teutonic origin, 
or connected with the earh^ history of Christianity. 

Double Christian names were not much in vogue 
before the nineteenth century. A ver^^ early instance 
is that of "John Thomas Jones," a runaway thief, 
mentioned in a collection of autograph letters from 
Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, and his son (1601); Charles 
George Cook, Judge of the Admiralty in 1665; and 
Henry Frederick Thynne, brother to Lord We^-- 
mouth, 1682, are other examples, which might 
easily be extended. 



84. ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 

In France and Germany when surnames became 
universal, the prefix of De or von to a common ple- 
beian name was considered as a mark of nobility. 
In Britain the De was not considered the test for no- 
bility, for the names of some of the best families were 
not territorial; as Butler, Stewart and Spenser. 

SCRIPTURAL NAMES ALREADY L\ USE AT THE REFOR- 
MATION. 

It now remains simply to consider the state of 
nomenclature in England at the eve of the Reforma- 
tion in relation to the Bible. Four classes may be 
mentioned. 

MYSTERY JSIAMES. 

The leading incidents of Bible narrative were 
familiarized to the English lower orders by the per-- 
formance of sacred plays, or mysteries, rendered un- 
der the supervision of the Church. To these pla^^s is 
owed the early popularit\' of Adam and Eve, Noah, 
Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Sara, Daniel, Samp- 
son, Susanna, Judith, Hanna or Anna, and Hester. 
But the Apocryphal names w^ere not frequently used 
until about 1500. Scarcely any diminutives are 
found of them. On the other hand, Adam became 
Adcock and Adkin; E\"e became Evott and Evett; 
Isaac became Hickin, Higgin, Higgott and Higgett; 
Joseph became Joskin; and Daniel became Dankin and 
Dannet. 

CRUSADE NAMES. 

The Crusaders gave several prominent names. To 
them we are indebted for Baptist, Ellis and Jordan; and 
John received a great stimulus. The sacred water, 
])rought in the leathern bottle, was used for baptis- 
mal purposes. The Jordan commemorated John the 



ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 85 

Baptist, the second Elias, the forerunner and bap- 
tizer of Jesus Christ. Children were styled by these 
incidents. Jordan became popular throughout Western 
Europe. It gave to England, as already observed, 
Judd, Judkin, Judson, Jordan and Jordanson. Elias, 
as Ellis, took about the eighth place of frequenc}', 
and John for a while the first. 

THE saint's calendar. 

The lepcnds of the saints \vere carefullv tjiught 
b\' the priec.thood, and the da\' was as religiously ob- 
served. Ail children born on these holv da\'s re- 
ceived the name of the saint commemorated. St. 
James's Day, or St. Nicholas's Daj", or St. Thomas's 
Day, saw a small batch of Jameses, Nicholases, and 
Thomases received into the fold of the church. In 
other cases tlie gossip had some favorite saint, and 
placed the child under his or her protection. Of 
course, it bore the patron's name. A large number 
of these hagiological names were extra-Biblical — such 
as Cecilia, Catherine, or Theobald. All the apostles, 
save Judas, became household names; John, Simon, 
Peter, Bartholomew, Matthew, James, Thomas and 
Philip being the favorites. Paul and Timothy were 
also utilized, the former being alwa3'^s found as Pol. 

FESTIVAL NAMES. 

If a child was born at Whitsuntide or Easter, 
Christmas or Epiphany-, like Robinson Crusoe's man 
Frida\', he received the name of the day. Hence our 
once familiar na.mes of Noel or Nowell, Pask or Pas- 
cal, Easter, Pentecost, and Epiphany or Tiffany. 

It will be observed that all these implv no direct 
or personal acquaintance with the Scriptures. All 
cam'.' through the Church. All, too, were in full tide 



8G ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME.. 

of prosperit}^ — with the singL' exception of Jordan, 
which was nearh' obsolete — when the Bible, printed 
into English and set up in the churches, became an 
institution. The immediate result was that the old 
Scripture names of Bartholomew, Peter, Philip, and 
Nicholas received a blow much deadlier than that 
received by such Teutonic names as Robert, Richard, 
Roger and Ralph. 

The subject of the influence of the Bible upon 
English nomenclature is not uninteresting. It may 
be said of the "Vulgar Tongue" Bible that it revolu- 
tionized the nomenclature within the space of forty 
years, or a little over a generation. No such crisis, 
surelj', ever visited a nation's register before, nor ca:n 
such possibly happen again. Every home felt the 
effect. 

THE DECAY OF SINGLE PATRONYMICS IN BAPTISM. 

The introduction of double baptismal names pro- 
duced a revolution as immediate as it was uninten- 
tional. It put a stop to what bade fair to become a 
universal adoption of patronymics as single baptis- 
mal names. This practice took its rise about the year 
1580. It became customary in highly placed families 
to christen the eldest son by the name of the landed 
estate to which he was heir. Especially was it com- 
mon when the son succeeded to property through his 
mother; then the mother's surname was his Chris- 
tian name. With the introduction of second baptis- 
mal names, this custom ceased; and the bo}- or girl, 
as the case might be, after a first orthodox name of 
Robert or Cecilia, received as a second the patronymic 
that before was given alone Instead of Neville Clarke 
the name Avould be Charles Neville Clarke. From the 
year 1700 this has been a growing custom, and half 
the present list of treble names are thus formed. 



88 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 

Until about the commencement of the seventeenth 
century, no material change in the designations of 
Englishmen had occurred since the daj^s of the earlier 
Edwtirds, when surnames were generally adopted. 
John de la Barre, it is true, had become plain John 
Barr, and Roger atte Hjdle had softened to Roger 
Hill, but still the principle of a single Christian name 
and a single surname had been maintained through- 
out. About the period alluded to, the innovation of 
a second personal name occurs, though but very rareU'. 
The practice was imported to Great Britain from the 
Continent, where it seems to have originated among 
the literati in imitation of the trianomina of antiquity. 
The accession of the many-named house of Brunswick 
ma^^ be said to have rendered it somewhat fashion- 
able; and during the last century it has become every 
year more common. Should the fashion continue, it 
is probable that at the dawn of the twentieth centu- 
ry it will be as difficult to find a hinominated person 
in America, as it is in France at the present da}-. 

Another innovation belongs to the seventeenth cen- 
tury; that of the use of some faniih' name as a bap- 
tismal appellation, as Gouldsmith Hodgson, Boscawen 
Lower, Cloudsley Shovel. This practice as well as the 
other is highly to be commended, as serving to iden- 
tify the individual with the designation. The genealo- 
gist will at once see its utility-; and it is suggested to 
parents the desirability of inserting the maternal fami- 
ly name between the proper name of baptism and the 
surname, as James Morton Wilson, Henry Smith Brad- 
ley. Indeed it would be well to go further and add 
the maiden family name of the \vife to the surname 
of the husband ; thus if a Charles Harrison married a 
Mary Bradsha\ve, they should thereupon write them- 
selves respective^ Charles Bradshawe Harrison and 
Mary Bradshawe Harrison. If Vanity unites in the 



ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 89 

same escutcheon the arms of the wife with those ot 
her lord, ought not Affection in hke manner to blend 
their names ? This usage is voluntarily followed at 
Geneva and in many provinces in France; and it serves 
to distinguish the bachelor from the married man. 

In some districts, where a famih' name was orig- 
inally applied at the font instead of the usual James, 
Peter, or John, that family name has come to be re- 
garded as a regular christian name. For example: 
about Lewes, Tra3'ton is fully as common as Samuel, 
Nicholas, Alfred, or anj- name occup\-ing the second 
rank in point of frequenc}-, and only less usual than 
Henr\', William and John. In the sixteenth centurv a 
family of this name, from Cheshire, settled in Lewes, 
and continued to reside there for several successive 
generations, during the latter part of which period 
they became so popular that a host of children re- 
ceived the baptismal name of Tray ton in compliment 
to them. The spirit of imitation succeeded; and there 
are at the present day scores of Traytons, who have 
neither any idea of the origin of their name, nor any 
doubt of its being as orthodox as the very common 
appellatives alluded to, 

We have seen that the Christian name, once im- 
posed, cannot be altered at the option of the bearer, 
as the surname may; at least not without the sanc- 
tion of episcopal authority. Towards the close of the 
eighteenth century'. Sir William Bridges exchanged the 
name of William for that of Brooke, by license from the 
Archbishop of Canterburj-; but this is almost asolitary 
instance in modern times, as the occasion for it rarely 
arises. Before the Reformation , the unauthorized change 
of a Christian name was a grave offence. It is recorded 
in the consistorial acts of the Bishop of Rochester, that 
on Oct. 15, 1515, one Agnes Sharpe appeared and con- 
fessed that she had "of her own motion and consent, 



90 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 

vokmtarih' changed, at confirmation, the name of her 
infant son to Edward, who when baptized was named 
Henry, for which she submitted to penance." The 
penance enjoined was to make a pilgrimage to the 
famous Rood of Grace, at the neighboring abbey of 
Boxle3', and to carr^^ in procession on five Lord's da\'s, 
a hghted taper which she was to offer to the image 
of the Blessed Virtjin. 

THE PAUCITY OF NAMES. 

There were no Scripture names in England when 
the Conqueror took possession; even in Normandv 
the\^ had appeared but a generation or two before 
William came over. If any are found in the old Eng- 
lish period, the\- were undoubtedly ecclesiastical titles, 
adopted at ordination. Greek and Latin saints were 
equally unnoticed. 

Before many generations had passed, Bartholo- 
mew, Simon, Peter, Philip, Thomas, Nicholas, John 
and Elias, had engrossed a third of the male popula- 
tion; yet Domcsdav Book has no Philip, no Thomas, 
only one Nicholas; and but a springling of Johns. It 
was not long before Jack and Jill took the place of 
Godric and Godgivu as representative of the English 
sexes, 3-et Jack was from the bible and Jill from the 
saintly calendar. 

Without entering into a deep discussion, it mav 

be said that the great mass of the old English names 

had gone down before the 3'ear 1200 had been reached. 

Those that survived only held on for bare existence. 

From the moment of William's edvent, the names of 

the Normans began to prevail He brought in Bible 

names. Saint names, and his own Teutonic names. 

The old English names bowed to them, and disap- 
peared. 

A curious result r[uickly followed. From the year 



ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 91 

1150 to 1550, four hundred 3-cars in round numbers, 
there was a very mueh smaller dictionarj^ of English 
personal names than there had been for four hundred 
\ears before, and than there has been in the four hun- 
dred years since. The Norman list was really a small 
one, and yet it took possession of the whole of Great 
Britain. 

A consequence of this was the Pet-name Epoch . 
In every community of one hundred Englishmen about 
the year 1300, there would be an average' of twenty 
Johns and fifteen Williams; then would follow Thomas. 
Bartholomew, Nicholas, Philip, Simon, Peter and Isaac 
from the Scriptures; and Richard, Robert, Walter, Guy, 
Henr\', Roger and Baldwin from the Teutonic list. 
Of female names, Alatildii, Isabella and Emma were 
first favorites; and Cecilia, Catharine, Margaret and 
Gillian came closely upon their heels. Behind these, 
again, followed a fairly familiar number of names of 
either sex, some from the Teuton, some from the He- 
brew, some from the Greek and Latin Church, but, 
when all told, not a large category. 

This is not enough, for in common parlance it was 
not likeh^ the full name would be used. Besides, there 
misjfht be two, or even three Johns in the same familv. 
So late as March, 1545, the will of John Parnell de 
Gyrton runs: 

"Ahce, m^" wife, and Old John, my son, to occupy 
my farm together, till Old John marries; Young John, 
my son, shall have Brenlay's land plowed and sowed 
at Old John's cost." 

The register of Raby, Leicestershire, has this entry : 

"1559. Item: 29th day of August was John, 
and John Picke, the children of Xtopher and Anne, 
baptized. 

"Item: the 31st of August the same John and 
John were buried. " 



92 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 

Mr. Burns, who quotes these instances in his "His- 
tory of Parish Registers," adds that at this same 
time "one John Barker had three sons named John 
Barker, and two daughters named Alargaret Barker." 

If the same famih^ had but one name for the house- 
hold we may imagine the difficulty- when this one name 
was also popular throughout the village. The diffi- 
culty was naturally solved by, firstly, the adoption 
of nick forms; secondly, the addition of pet desinences. 
Thus Emma became by the one practice simple Emm, 
by the other Emmott; and an\^ number of l)03's in a 
small community might be entered in a register as 
Bartholomew, and yet preserve their individuality in 
work-a-da^- life by bearing such names as Bat, Bate, 
BattA', Bartle, Bartelot, Batcock, Batkin, and Tolly, 
or Tholh'. In a \vord, these several forms of Bar- 
tholoinew Vv'ere treated as so many separate proper 
names. 

It \vas, of course, impossible for Englishmen and 
English women to maintain their individuality on 
these terms. Various methods to secure a j^ersonalitv 
arose. The surname \vas adopted, and there were 
John Atte-wood, John the Wheelwright, John the Bigg, 
and John Richard's son, in every community. Among 
the middle and lower classes these did not become 
hereditary until so late as 1450 or 1500. 

This is easily proved. In the ^vardrobe accounts 
for Edward IV, 1480, occur the following items: 

"John Poyntmaker, for pointing of XI dozen 
points of silk pointed with agelettes laton. 

"Jehn Carter, for carriage awa3^ of a grete loode 
of robeux that was left in the strete. 

"To a laborer called Rychard Gard3ner for work- 
ing in the gard3'ne. 

" To Alice Shapster for making and washing xxiiii 
sherts, and xxiii stomachers. " Shapster is a feminine 



GENEALOGY. 93 

form of Shapper or Sliaper — one who shaped or cut 
out cloths for garments. 

All these several individuals, having no particular 
vsurname, took or received one from the occupation 
they temporarily followed. 



GENEALOGY. 

None of the sciences is less generally studied than 
that of Genealog3'. Like all the others, though drv 
and repeliant at first, when pcrseveringl^^ followed out 
it becomes, in the research, full of interest, and pro- 
ductive of great results. 

An account of the origin, descent and relations of 
families is often a principal auxiliary to the true ap- 
preciation of histor\'. In treating of persons who 
have distinguished themselves in their countr\''s an- 
nals, not only are all those actions of their lives \vhich 
have a bearing upon the character of the age in which 
they lived, or the \veli-being of the nation and com- 
munity to which they belonged, to be considered, but 
their own family and personal extraction, standing 
and descent. 

The genealogist confines himself to tracing family' 
lineages, or the course of succession in particular fami- 
lies. That is his peculiar department. He leaves to 
the annalist the chronicling of events in the order of 
their occurrence, and to the historian the filling up of 
the details and circumstances to which these dry facts 
refer, and the description of the causes from which 
they spring, as well as the consequences to which thev 
lead. The sole puipose and pursuit of the historian 
is to be able to show "Who is Who " and to distinguish 
those who are somebody from those who are nobod3'. 

The principal nomenclature of genealogy is as 
follows : 



94 HERALDRY. 

All persons descended from a common ancestor con- 
stitute a family. 

A scries of persons so descended is calL'd a line. 

A line is either direct or collateral. 

The direct line is divided into the ascendinij and 
descending. 

The projenitors are father, grandfather, etc. ; the 
other ascendants not in a direct line are called ancestors. 

The descendants are son, grandson, etc. ; the other 
descendants not in a direct line are generally termed 
Posterit_y. 

The Collateral comprehended all those which unite 
in a common prqicnitor. 

Some affect to hold in contempt the study of suc- 
cession of families. Others undervalue it, without being 
fully aware of the importance of genealogical research. 

There are some people, says Dr. Lindsay Alexan- 
der, in his "Life of Dr. Wardlaw, " who say they 
attach no importance to a man's descent, or to family 
honors, and despise those \vho do. Perhaps the\'' may 
be sincere, but their judgment in this matter is cer- 
tainly erroneous, and their feeling unnatural. "The 
glory of children, " says the wisest of men, "are their 
fathers;" and a honorable descent should be highly 
valued. 



HERALDRY. 

Heraldic devices, truly so called, made their first 
apiDcarance in Europe in the middle of the twelfth 
century; and about one hundred 3^ears later Heraldry 
became a science in high I'epute, w^ithout being able to 
trace its intermediate progress, or discover the names 
of those \vho first laid down its laws, or sulasequently 
promulgated them. The Ccirliest Heraldic document of 
which even a copy has come down to us is a roll of 



HERALDRY. 95 

arms, that is to sa}-, a catalogue of the armorial bear- 
ings of the king of England, and the principal Ijarons, 
knights, etc., in the reign ofHenr\^ III; and, from in- 
ternal evidence, supposed to have been originalh^ com- 
piled between the 3'ears 124.0-124-5. This transcript 
was made by Glover, Somerset Herald, in 1586, and 
is preserved in the College of Arms. Other rolls are 
to be found both there and in the British Museum, of 
nearly the same date, but none earlier; and no Avork 
explanatory of the science has been yet discovered of 
a period anterior to the reign of Edward III. In the 
reign of Henrj^ III, armorial ensigns had become hered- 
itary, marks of cadency distinguished the various 
members of a famih', and the majority of the present 
Heraldic terms were already in existence. 

THE USE OF ARMS 

At that period Avas to distinguish persons and prop- 
erty, and record descent and alliance, and no modern 
invention has yet been found to supersede it . For this 
reason alone, as we have remarked elsewhere, of all 
ancient usages it is one of the least likel\' to become 
obsolete. Hundreds of persons may be entitled to the 
same initials, ma3' possess precisely the same name ; 
but only the members of a particular famih^ can law- 
fully bear certain armorial ensigns, and the various 
branches of that famih' have their separate differences 
to distinguish one from the other. After the lapse of 
centuries, the date of a building or the name of its 
founder or ancient possessor, ma3^ be ascertained at 
the present da}', through the accidental preservation 
of a sculptured coat of arms or heraldic encaustic tile ; 
and tlie careful study of earl}^ rolls of arms enables 
the historian to discover matrimonial alliances and 
familv connections, of which no \vritten record has 
been found ; and thereby- not only to complete the 



HERALDRY. 

ver3^ imperfect genealogies of many cf the bravest and 
wisest of English nobility and gentry-, but also to ac. 
count for sundry acts, both public and private, the 
motives for which have been misunderstood, or alto- 
gether unknown to the biographer or the historian. 



VARIOUS SORTS OF ARMS . 

Arms are not onh' granted to individuals and fam- 
ilies, but also- to cities, corporate bodies, and learned 
societies. 

Arms of Dominion or Sovereignty are properly the 
arms of the kings or sovereigns of the territories the\^ 
govern, which are also regarded as the arms of the 
State. Thus the Lions of England and the Russian 
Eagle are the arms of the Kings of England and the 
Emperors of Russia, and cannot be properly altered 
by a change of d\'nasty. 

Arms of Pretension are those of kingdoms, prov- 
inces, or territories to which a prince or lord has some 
claiin, and which he adds to his own, though the king- 
doms or territories are governed by a foreign king or 
lord ; thus the Kings of England for many ages quar- 
tered the arms of France in their escutcheon as the 
descendants of Edward III, who claimed that king- 
dom, in right of his mother, a French princess. 

Arms of Concession are arms granted by sovereigns 
as the reward of virtue, valor or extraordinary ser- 
vice. All arms granted to subjects were originally 
conceded by the Sovereign. 

Arms of Community- are those of bishoprics, cities, 
universities, academies, societies and corporate bodies. 

Arms of patronage are such as governors of prov- 
inces, lords of manors, etc., add to their family arms 
avS a token of their superiority, right jurisdiction. 



BEE AL DRY. 97 

Arms of Family, or paternal arms, are such as are 
hereditary and belong to one particular family, which 
none others have a right to assume, nor can they do 
so without rendering themselves guilty of a breach of 
the laws of honor, punishable by the Earl Marshal 
and the Kings-at-Arms. The assumption of arms has, 
hoAvever, become so common that little notice is taken 
of it at the prCvSent time. 

Arms of Alliance are those gained by marriage. 

Arms of Succession are such as are taken up by 
those who inherit certain estates by bequest, entail, 
or donation. 

THE SHIELD. 

The shield contains the field or ground \vhereon 
are represented the charges or figures that form a coat 
of arms. 




PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES 99 



PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES IX THE UNITED STATES. 

Within the past few years there has been a remark- 
al^le movement in the United States, whieh h^is re- 
sulted in the formation of many patriotic heredit^iry 
societies of large membership, with chapters in every 
State in the Union. Those only are eligible to mem- 
bership who can prove their descent from an ancestor 
of Colonial or Revolutionar\' times, trom an officer or 
soldier or seaman of the various wars, from a pilgrim 
in the AIa3'flower, an earlv Huguenot emigrant, etc. 
These societies bring men and women of like traditions 
together, and organize them in an effective way for 
acrion. The action contemplated is patriotic — never 
religious or related to party politics. The general so- 
ciety from its headquarters issues charters to branch 
societies in the different States. Each State societv 
forms an organized group of persons well known to 
each other, by name at least, and often personally. 

Certain of these societies have been ver\' active in 
preserving old monuments, buildings, landmarks and 
historic documents, or in erecting tablets and monu- 
ments at historic places, or in marking the sites of 
battles or the graves of Revolutionary soldiers. Others 
have founded prizes to be given annualh' to school 
children for essay's on events in American history. 
Others, again, formalh' celebrate the nation's anni- 
versaries. All of them foster patriotism and historical 
research, and teach organization — the sinking of indi- 
vidual desire in a common loyalty-. There are proba- 
bly too many such organizations at present, and more 
are forming. The weaker societies Avill, however, die ; 
and those that remain will represent some real aspir- 
ation of their members. 



100 PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 

As the entrance to such societies is through descent 
from some ancestor, geneaolog^y has been powerfully 
stimulated; and thousands of famih' records have been 
examined and summarized in print. Our Colonial and 
Revolutionary historv has been studied in its details, 
which is the only Avav to fully realize it. Tiie men o. 
to-day have been connected with Colonial and Revo- 
lutionary times. The children of the coming century 
will find their ancestral records all prepared for them, 
and thev will be face to face with liigh standards of 
duty and effort. 

THE SOCIETY OF COLONIAL WARS, 

instituted in 1892, is open to lineal male descendants 
of civil or military officers, or of soldiers, vcho served 
the colonies between May 13, 1607 (Jamestown) and 
April 19, 1775 (Lexington). 

THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN WARS, 

Founded in 1897, includes the lineal male descendants 
of soldiers or civil officers from 1607 to 1783, and of 
officers of the War of 1812, of the War with Mexico, 
and of the Civil War. 

THE ORDER OF THE FOUNDERS AND PATRIOTS OF 

AMERICA , 

Founded in 1896, is open to any male citizen of the 
United States who is llneall}'- descended in the male 
line of either parent from an ancestor who settled in 
any of the colonies between 1607 and 1657, and whose 
intermediate ancestors adhered as patriots to the cause 
of the colonists throughout the War of the Revolution. 



PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 101 

THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI, 

Instituted in 1783 is composed of descendants of offi- 
cers of the Revolutionaiy army, usually the eldest male 
direct descendant. 

THE AZTEC CLUB, 

Founded in 1847, is open to the descendants of offi- 
cers of the arm\' who served in Alexico, usually' the eld- 
est male direct descendant. 

THE MILITARY ORDER OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE 

UNITED STATES, 

Founded in 1865, is composed of officers who served in ■ 
the War of the Rebellion, and of their eldest direct male 
lineal descendants. 

THE SOCIETY OF THE WAR OF 1812, ORGANIZED IN 1814, 

Is composed of lineal male descendants of soldiers or 
sailors of the War of 1812. 

THE NAVAL ORDER OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Instituted in 1890, is open to officers of the nav\^ who 
have served in war, and to their male descendants, etc.; 
and also to enlisted men who have received a Aledal 
of Honor from the United States for bravery. 

THE SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 

Institvited in 1875, must prove their descent from a Rev- 
olutionarj' ancestor. The Sons of the Revolution (1876) 
is organized on the same basis. It is expected that 
these two large societies will be consolidated. 

THE HOLLAND SOCIETY, 

Incorporated in 1775, is composed of the direct male 
descendants of Hollanders resident in America before 
1675. 



102 PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 

THE HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 

Organized in 1883, admits descendants of Huguenots 
who came to America before 1787. 

THE SOCIETY OF COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA, 

Organized in 1891, is composed of women descended 
from an ancestor who held an office of importance in 
the colonies previous to 1750. 

There are various other societies for Avomen, of 
which the most important are Daughters of the Am- 
erican Revolution, founded in 1890; and Daughters of 
the Revolution, founded in 1891 ; and there is also a 
society of Children of the American Revolution, founded 
in 1895. 

THE SOCIETY OF "MAYFLOWER" DESCENDANTS, 

Organized in 1S94-, includes male and female descend- 
ants of the passengers of the Mayflower (1620). 

MEDAL OF HONOR LEGION. 

The one decoration that is given by the government 
of the United States is the Medal of Honor, which was 
authorized b\' acts of Congress of 1862 and 1863 to 
be aw^arded to officers and enlisted men of the army for 
"gallantry in action and soldier-like qualities during the 
present insurrection." It has been bestowed only for 
conspicuous services. For example the Twenty-seventh 
Regiment of Maine Infantry was present on the field 
where the battle of Gettysburg was fought, and its term 
of service had expired. The entire regiment, to a man, 
volunteered to remain on the fiekl and fight the battle; 
and for this gallant conduct a m-^dal was awarded to 
each officer and man. A Naval Medal of Honor is also 
aw'arded b}- the government and it is highly prized. 



FORE-NAMES OP MEN 



103 



FORE-IST^MES OF MEN. 

AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. 



Aaron : Loft v ; inspired. 

Abdiel; The servant of God. 

Abel : Breath, var.itv. 

Abiathar: Father of plenty, 

Abiel. Father of strength. 

Abiezer: Father of help. 

Abijah: To whom Jehovah is a 
'ather. 

Abner: Father of light. 

Abraham: Father of a multitude. 

Abram: Father of elevation. 

Absalom: Father of peace. 

Adam: Man; earth-man; red earth. 

Adie!: The ornament of God. 

Adin, or Adino: Tender; delicate; 
soft. 

Adolph or Adolphus: Noble wolf; 
i.e., noble hero. 

Adoniram: Lord of height. 

Alaric: All-rich; or, noble ruler. 

Albert: Nobly bright,' illustrious. 

Alexander: A defender of men. 

Alfred: Elf in council; good coun- 
sellor. 

Algernon : With whiskers. 

Allan: Corruption of ^Elienus. 

Almon: Hidden. 

Alonzo: Same as Alphonso. 

Alpheus: Exchange. 

Alphonso: All-readj ; willing. 

Alvah, or Alvan : Iniquity. 

Alvin or AKvin: Beloved by all. 

Amariah: Whom Jehovah prom- 
ised. 

Amasa: A burden. 

Ambrose: Immortal; divine. 

Ammi: My people. 

Amos: Strong; courageous. 

Andrew: Strong, manly. 



Andronicus: A conqueror of men 
Anselm, or Ansel: Protection of 

man. 
Anthony or Antony: Priceless; 

praiseworth}'. 
Apollos: Of Apollo. 
Archelaus: Ruler of the people. 
Archibald: Extremely bold; or, 

hoi}' prince. 
Ariel: Lion of God; valiant for 

God. 
Aristarchus: A good prince. 
Arnold: Strong as an eagle. 
Artemas: Gift of Artemis, or 

Mnierva. 
Arthur: High, noble. 
Asa: Healer; physician. 
Asahel : Made of God. 
Asaph: A collector. 
Asarelah: Upright to God. 
Ashbel: Fire of Bel. 
Asher: Happv, fortunate. 
Ashur: Black, blackness. 
Athanasius: Immortal, 
Athelstan: Noble stone. 
Aubrey: Ruler of spirits. 
Augustin, Augustine, or Austin: 

Belonging to Augustus. 
Augustus: Exalted, imperial. 
Aurelius: Golden. 
Azariah: Helped of the Lord. 

Baldwin: Bold, courageous friend. 

Baptist: A baptizer; purifier. 

Barachias: Whom Jehovah has 
blessed. 

Bardolph: A distinguished helper. 

Barnabas or Barnaby: Son of con- 
solation. 



104 FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 

Bartholomew: A warlike son David: Beloved. 

Barziliai: Iron of the Lord; firm; Deinelrius: Beloncing lo Ceres. 

^^"^- Denis,orDenr.is:SameDionvsius. 

Basil: Kingly; roval. Dexter: The right hand. 

Benedict: Blessed. ^ionysius: Belonging to Diony.sos, 
Benjamin: Son of the right hand. or Bacchus the god of x\ine". 

Benoni: Son of grief or trouble. Donald: Proud chief. 

Beriah: In calamity. Duncan: Brown chief. 
Bernard: Bold as a bear. 

Bertram: Bright raven. Eben:Astone. 

Bethuel: Man of God. Ebenezer: The stone of help 

Bezaleel: In the shadow of God. Edgar: A javelin (or protector) of 
Boniface: A benefactor. propertv 

Brian: Strong. Edmund:"Defender of property 



Bruno: Brown. 



Edward: Guardian of property. 



Cadwallader: Battle arranger. Edwin: Gainer of property. 

Caesar: Hairy; or blue eyed. Egbert: The sword's brightness; 

Cain: Gotten] or acquired. famous wiih the sword. 

Caleb: A dog. Elbert: Same as Albert. 

Calvin: Bald. Eldred: Terrible. 

Cecil: Dim-sighted. Elenzer: To whom God is a help. 

Cephas: ^ stone. ^'■' A foster son. 

Charles: Strong; manly; noble- Eliab: God is his father. 

i-pirited. " Eliakim: Whom God jets up. 

Christian: A believer in Christ, ^^[^^' '^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ Elijah. 

Christopher:-Bearing Christ. ' Elihu: God the Lord. 

Clarence: Illustrious. Elijah: Jehovah is my God. 

Claudius, or Claude: Lame. Eliphalet: God of salvation. 

Clement: Mild-tempered, merciful. ^''^^^^^ ^od my salvation. 

Conrad: Bold in council; resolute. ^''^^''^ God is my rock. 

Constant: Firm, faithful.' ^"''= ^ variation of Elisha. 

Constantine: Resolute, firm. Elmer: Noble, excellent. 

Cornelius: Horn. EInathan: God ga*e. 

Cri.-pin. Crispus.orCrlspian: Hav- Emmanuel: God wiih us. 

ing curlv hair. Emery, Emmery or Emory: Pow- 

Cuthbert: Noted splendor. ^"'' '^^^• 

Cyprian: Of Cyprus. Eneas: Praised, commended. 

Cyril: Lordly. Enoch: Consecrated, dedicated. 

Cyrus: The sun. ^"°^= ^^^=^"- 

Ephraini: Very fruitful. 

Daji: A judge. Erasmus: Lovely; worthy to be 

Daniel: A divine judge. loved. 

Darius: Perserver. Erastus: Lovelv, amiable. 



FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 105 

Eric: Rich, brave, powerful. Hannibal: Grace of Baal. 

Eriiest, Ernestus: Earnest. Harold: A champion; genera! of 

Esau: Covered wilh hair. an arniv. 

Ethan: Firmness, strength. Henian: Faithful. 

Eugene: Wellborn ; nob'e. Henry: The head or chief of a 

Eusebius: Pious, godly. house. 

Eustace: Healthy, strong; standing Herbert: Glory of the army, 

firm. Hercules: Lordly fame. 

E an: Same as John. Herman: A v^arrior. 

Kver&rd: Strong as a wild boar. Ilezekiah: Strength of the Lord. 

Ezekiel: Strength of God. Hilary: Cheerful, merry. 

E::ra: Help. Hillel: Praise. 

Hiram: Most noble. 

Ftii.\": Happy; prosperous. Homer: A pledge, securitv. 

Ferdinand or Fernando: Brave, Horace, Horatio: Oak wood; or 
valiant. wortliy to be loved. 

Festus: Joyful, glad. Hosea: Salvation. 

Francis: Free. Howell: .Sound, whole. 

Frank, Franklin: Contraction of Hubert: Bright 'in spirit; soul- 
Francis, bright. 

Frecieric or Frederick : Abounding Hugh, or Hugo: Mind, spirit, soul, 

in peace, peaceful ruler. Humphrey: Protector of the home. 

Gabriel: Man of Cod. Ichabod: The glory is departed. 

Gad: A troop, or company. Ignatius: Ardent, fiery. 

Gaius: Rejoiced. Imnumucl: Same as Emmanuel. 

Gamaliel: Recompense of God. Increa.^-e: Increase of faith. 

Geoffrey: Same as Godfrey. Ingram: Raven. 

George: A landholder, husband- Liigo: Same r.s Ignatius (Spanish 

man. form) 

Gerald: Strong with the spear. Ira: VVati hful. 

Gcrshom: An exile. Isaac: Laughter. 

Gideon: A destroyer. Isaic.a: Sal vation of the Lord. 

Gilbert: "^'ellow-bi ight ; famous. I.-^rael: A soldier of God. 

Giles: A kid. Ishmael: Afflicted her. 

Give. I : Gift <'f God. Iiliiel: God is with me. 

Goddard: Pious, virtuous, Ivan: Same as John (Russian 
(jodfrey: At peace \\\\\\ God. form) 

Godwin: Good in war. 

Gregory: Watchful. Jabez: He will cause pain. 

Gnmili: Having great failh. Jacob: A supplanter. 

Guftavus: A warrior, hero. Jairus: He will enlighten. 

Guv A loader. James: Same as Jacob. 



iOo FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 

Japheth: Enlargement. Lemuel: Created by God. 

Jared: Descent. Leonard: Strong, or brave as a 

_^ason: A healer. lion. 

Jasper: Treasure master. I^eonidas: Lion-like. 

Javan: Clay, supple. Leopold: Bold lor the people, 

Jsdediah: Beloved of the Lord. Levi: Adhesion. 

Jeffrey: Same as Godfrey. Lewis: Bold warrior. 

Jeremiah, Jeremias, or Jerome: Linus: P laxen-haired. 

Exalted of the Lord. Lionel: Young lion. 

Jerome: Holy natne. Levvellyn: Lightning. 

Jesse: Wealth. Loammi: Not mv people. 

Jesus: Same as Joshua. Lodowic: Same as Ludovic or 

Joab: Jehovah is his father. Lewis. 

Job: Afllicted, persecuted. ■ Lorenzo: same as Laurence (Span- 
Joel: The Lord is God. ish and Italian form), 
John: The gracious gift of God. Lot: A veil, covering. 
Jonah, or Jonas: A dove. Louis: Same as Lewis. 
Jonathan: Gift of Jehovah. Lubin: Beloved friend. 
Joseph: lie shall add. Lucian: Belonging to or sprung 

oshua: The Lord is welfare. from Lucius. 

Josiah or Josias: Given of the Lucius: Born at break of day. 

Lord. Ludovic: Same as Lewis, 

fotham: The Lord is upright. Luke: Light-giving. 

Judah: Praised, Luther: Illustrious warrior. 

Julian: Sprung from, or belonging Lycurgus: Wolf-driver. 

to Julius. 

Julius: Soft-haired. Madoc: Good, beneficent. 

Justin, or Justus: Just. Malarhi: Messenger of the Lord. 

Manasseh: Forgetfulness. 

Kcnelm: A defender of his kindred. JNIarcellus: Diminutive of MarcusJ 

Kenneth: A leader, commander. Marcius: Same as Marcus. 

Marcus or Mark: A hammer, other- 

Laban: White. wise, a male, or sprung from 

Lambert: Illustrious \\ith landed Mars. 

possessions. M.irma luke: A mighty noble. 

Lancelot: A little angel; other- Martin: Of Mars; warlike. 

wise a little lance or warrior; or Matthew: Gift of Jehovah. 

a servant, Matthias: Gift of the Lord. 

Laurence or Lawrence: Crowned Maurice: Corruption of Am:;bur. 

with laurel. (himmelreith); the kingdom of 

Lazarus: God will help. heaven. 

Leander: Lion man, Maximillian: The greatest Aemili- 

Lebbeus: Praise. anus. 



PORE-NAMES OF MEN. 107 

Mereiiith: Sea-protector. Peter: A rock. 

IMicali: \\ ho i^ like llie Lord? Philander: A lover of men. 

Michael: Who is like to God ? Philemon: Loving, fiiendly. 

Miles: A soldier. Philip: A lover of horses. 

Mor'^an: A seaman, a dweller on Phineas, or Phinehas: Mount of 

the sea. brass. 

Mo-e>-: Drawn out of the water. Pius: Pious, dutiful. 

Polycarp: Much fruit. 

Na.iman: Pleasantness. Ptolemv : Mighty in war, 
Naiium: Consolation. 

Napoleon: Lion of the forest-dell. Quintin: The fifth. 

Nathan: Given, a gift. p,^,p,^. g^^^ ^^ Rodolphus. 

Nathanael,or Nathaniel: Tne gift j^^^^^,^ House-wolf. 

of God. 



Raphael: The healing of God. 
Ray niond, or Ravmnnd : Wise pro 

tection. 
Reginald: Strong ruler. 

Reuben: Behold, a son. 

the iieople. „ i tt • j x r- i 

' ' I<.euel: rnendof God. 

Noah: Rtst, comfort. „ i i e i> • i i 

' __ Reynold: hanie as Reginald 

Noel: (i:)ies Natalis) Christmas; „.,,„.,, ,7 t i 

^ ^ . ' Richard: f<.ich-hearted, powerful. 



Neal or Neil: Dark, swarthy; 

otherwise (Celtic) chief. 
Nehemiah: Comfort of the Lord. 
Nichol.as or Nicolas: Victory of 



Born on Christmas Day 
Norman: A Northman, native of 
Norniandv. 



Robert: bright in fame. 
Roderic or Roderick: Rich in 
fame. 

Obadiah: Servant of the Lord. Rodolph or Rodolphus: Famous 

Obed: Serving God. wolf or hero. 

Octavius or Octavus: The eighth- Roger: Famous with the spear. 
^jQrj^_ Roland or Rowland: Fame of the 



Oliver: An olive tree. 



land. 



Orestes: A mountaineer. Rudolph or Rudoiphus: Variations 

Orlando: Same as Rowland. ^i Rodolphus. 

Oscar: Bounding warrior. Rufus: Red, red-haired. 

O.MUond or Osmund: Protection Rupert: Same as Robert. 

of God. cu J 

^ 1 , ^ ij r. t r- } Salmon: Shadv. 

Oswald or Osvvold: Power of God. - ^ , ,. , 

, , , . Samson, or Sampson: Splendid 

Owen: Lamb, otherwise, young . , , ,. 

sun, great loy aiul felicit\'. 

warrior. o j ./ 

^ . „ .1 I .1 T J Samuel: Heard of God- askeJ for 
Ozias: Strength of the Lord. 

of God. 

Patrick: Noble ; a patrician, Saul: Asked for. 

Paul, Paulinus, or Paulus: Little- Siba: Eminent. 

Peleg: Division. Sebastian: Venerable, reverend." 

Peregrine: A stranger. Septimus: The seventh born. 



108 FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 

Sereno or Serenus: Calm, peace- Ulv&ses: A hater. 

ful. Urban: Of the tov. ti ; courteous; 
Stth: Appo-nteJ. polished. 

Shadrach: Rejoicing in ihe way. Uriah: Ligiit of i he Lord. 

S'giimund: Conquering, protec-. Urian: A liushanduian. 

tion. Uriel: Light of God. 
Silas: A contraction of Silvanu«. 

Silvanus: Living in a wood. Valentine: Strong, healthy, pow- 
Silvester: Bred in the country ertul. 

^^jj^j^jj, Vicesimu^: The twentieth born. 

Simeon, Simon: Heating with ac- Victor: A conqueror. 

ceptance Vincent: Conquering. 

Solomon: Peaceable. Vivian: Lively. 
S'ephen: A crown. 

Swithin: Strong friend. Walter: Ruling the roast. 

Svlvanus: Same as Silvanus. William: Resolute helmet, or hel- 

Sylvester: Same as Silvester. met of resolution; defence; pro- 
tector. 

Tertius: the third born. Winfred: Win-peac&. 
Thaddeus: The wise, 

Theobald: Hold for the people. Zabdiel: Gift of God. 

Theodore: The gift of God. Zuccheus: Innocent, pure. 

'Jheodoric: Powerful among the Zachariah, or Zachery: Remem- 

people. bered of the Lord. 

Theophilus: A lover of God. Zadok: Just. 

Theron: A hunter. Zebediah or Zebedee: Gift of the 

Thomas: A twin. Lord. 

Timothy: Fearing God. Zebina: Bought. 

Titus: Honorable. Zebulon: Dwelling. 

Tobiah or Tobias: Distinguished Zedekiah: Justice of the Lord. 

of the Lord. Zelotes: A zealot. 
Tristram: Grave, pensive, melan- Zei.as: Gift of Jupiter. 

choly, sorrowful, sad. Zephaniah: Hid of the Lc 
Tybalt: Same as Tl^eobald. 



FORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 109 
FORE-NAMES OF WOMEX. 

AND THEIR vSIGNIFICANCE. 

Abigail: My father's jov. Belinda: From Bella, Isabella, Eliz 

Achsa: vVnkiet. abelh. 

Ada: The same as Edith. Benedicta; Feminine of Benedic- 

Adela, Adelaide, or Adeline: Of tus. 

noble birtti, a princess. Bertiia: Bright; beautiful. 
Agatha: Good, kind. Betsey: A corruption of Elizabeth. 
Agnes: Chaste, pure. Blanch, or Blanche: White. 
Alberta: Feminine of Albert. Bona: Good. 
Alethea,: Truth. Bridget: Strength. 
Alexandra, or Alexandrina: Femi- 
nine of A lexander. Camilla: Attendant at a sacrifice 
-Alice, or Alicia: Same as Adeline. Caroline: Feminine of Carolus or 
Almira: Lofty; a princess, Charles. 

Althea: A healer. Cassandra: One who inllames with 

Amabel: Loveable. love. 

Amanda: Worthy to be loved. Catharina, Catharine, or Catherine 

Amelia: Busy, energetic. Pure. 

Amy: Beloved. Cecilia or Cecily: Feminine o. 

Angelica, Angelina: Lovely, an- Cecil. 

gelic. Celestine: Heavenly. 

Ann, Anna, or Anne: Grace. Celia: Feminine of Coelus. 

Annabella: P^eminine of Hannibal. Charlotte: Feminine of Charles. 

Annette: Variation of Anne. Chloe: A green l;erb;^blooming. 

Antoinette: Diminutive of Anto- Christiana, or Christina: Feminine 

nia. of Christianus. 

Antonia, or Antonina: Inestimable. Cicely: A variation of Cclia. 

Arabella: A fair altar; otherwise. Clara: Bright, illustrious. 

corruption of Orabllia, a praying Clarice, or Clarissa: A variation of 

woman. Clara. 

Ariana: A corruption of Aiiadne. Claudia: Feminine of Claudius. 

Augusta: Feminine of Augustus. Clementina, or Clementine ; M:ld, 

Aurelia: Feminine of Aurelius. gentie. 

Aurora: Morning redness; fresh; Constance: Firm, constant. 

brilliant. Cora: Maiden; a form of Corinna. 

Azubah; Deserted. Cornelia: Feminine of Cornelius. 

Cynthia: Belonging to Mount 

Barbara: Foreign ; strange. Cynthus. 
Beatrice,or Beatrix : Making happy. 



110 



FORE-NAMES OF WOMEN 



Deborah: A bee. 

Delia: of Delos. 

Diana: Goddess, 

Dianlha: Flower of Jove; a pink. 

Dinah: Judged 

Dora: A va iation of Dorothea. 

Dorcas: A gazelle. 

Dorinda: Same as Dorothea. 

Dorothea, or Dorothy: Gift of 

God, 
Drusilla: Dew watered. 

Sdith: Happiness; otherwise rich 

gift. 
Edna: Pleasure. 
Eleanor, or Elinor: Light; .same as 

Helen. 
Elisabeth, Elizabeth, or Eliza: Vv'or- 

shipe"" of God; consecrated to 

God. 
Ella: A contraction of Elt-anor. 
Ellen: A diniiiuilive of Eleanor. 
Elvira: White. 
Emeline, or Enimeline: Energetic, 

industrious. 
Eniilv, or Emma: Same as Emt- 

line. 
Ernes'ine: feminine and diminu- 
tive. 
E.sthcr: A star; good fortune. 
Etheliiid, or Ethelinda: Noble 

snake. 
Eudora: Good gift. 
Eugenia, or Eugenie: Feminine of 

Eugene. 
Eulalia: Fair speed. 
Eunice: Happy victory. 
Euphemia: Of good report. 
Eva: Same as Eve. 
Evangeline: Bringing glad news. 
Eve: Life. 
Evelinn, or Eveline: Diminutive 

of Eva. 



Fanny: Diminutive of Frances. 

Faustina: Fortunate; lucky. 

Felicia: Happiness. 

Fidelia: Faithful. 

Flora: Flowers; goddess of flowers 

and spring. 
Florence: Blooming; flourishing. 
Frances: Feminine of Franci-*. 
Frederica: Feminine of Frederick 

Georgiana, or Georgina: Feminin.- 

of George. 
Geraldine: Feminine of Gerald. 
Gertrude: Spear-maiden. 
Grace or Gratia: Grace, favor. 
Griselda: Stone; heroine. 

Hannah: Same as Anna. 

Harriet, or Harriot: Feminine of 

Henry. 
Helen, or Helena: Lisfht. 
Henrietta: Feminine diminutive 

of Henrv. 
Hephzibah: My delight is in her. 
I leiter, or Hestha: Same as Esther. 
Ililaria: Feminine of Hilary. 
Honora. or Honorfa: Honorable. 
Hortensia: A lady gardener. 
Huldah: A weasel. 

Ida: Happy. 
Inez: Same as Agnes. 
Irene: Peaceful. 

Isabel, or Isabella: Same as Eliza- 
beth. 

Jane, or Janet: Feminine of John. 
Jaqueline, Feminine of James. 
Jean, Jeanne, or Jeannette: Same 

as Jane or Joan. 
Jemima: A dove. 
Jerusha: Possessed, married. 
Joan, Joanna, Johanna: Feminine 

of John. 



FORn-NAMES OF WOMEN. 



Ill 



Josepha, or Josephine: Feminine 

of Joseph. 
Joyce: Sportive 
Juditli: Praised. 
Julia: Feminine of Julius. 
Juliana: Feminine of Julian. 
Juliet: Diminutive of Julia. 
Justina: Feminine of Justin. 

Katharine, or Katherine: Same as 

Catharine, 
Keturah: Incense. 
Keziah: Cassia. 

Laura: A. laurel. 

Laurinda: A variation of Laura. 

Lavinia: Of Latium. 

Leonora: Same as Eleanor. 

Letitia: Happiness. 

I^eitice: A variation of Le*itia. 

Lillian, or Lily: A lily. 

Lois: Good; desirable. 

Lorintla: A variation of Laurinda. 

Louisa, or Loui?e: Feminine of 

Louis. 
Lucia: Same as Lucv. 
Liicinda: Same as Lucy. 
Lucrece, or Lucretia: Gain; other- 

\\ ise, light. 
Lucv: Feminine of Lucius. 
L\ dia: A nativ.; of Lydia. 

M.ibeL A contraction of Amabel. 
Madeline: French form of Magde- 

lene. 
ALagdalene: A native of NLngdala, 
Marcella: Feminine of ^Larcellus. 
Marcia: Feminine of Marcius. 
Margaret: A pearl. 
Maria: Same as Mary. 
Marianne: A compound of Mary 

and .Anne. 

Marion: A French form of Mary. 



Martha: The ruler of the house; 
other wise, so rrowful,m elan clioly. 

Mary: Bitter; otherwise, their re- 
bellion ; or, star of the east. 

Mathilda, or Matilda: Mighty bat- 
tle-maid ; heroine. 

Maud: A contraction of Matilda; 
or Madalene, 

May: Month of May; or Mary. 

Mehetabel, Mehitabel: Benefited 
of God. 

Melicent: Sweet singer ; othervvise 
working strength. 

Melissa: A bee, 

Mildred: Mild threatener. 

Miranda: Admirable. 

Miriam: Same as Mary. 

Myra: She who weeps or lamenfs. 

Nancy: A familiar form of Anne. 
Nora: A contraction of Helenora; 
Honora; and of Leonora. 

Octavia: Feminine of Octavius. 
Olive, or Olivia: An olive. 
Ophelia: A serpent. 
Olympia: Heavenly. 

Paula, Paulina, or Pauline: I^mi- 

nine of Paulus or Paul. 
Penelope: A weaver. 
Persis: A Persian woman. 
Phebe, or Phoebe: Pure, radiant_ 
Philippa: Feminine of Pliijip. 
Phillis, Phyllis: A green bough. 
Polly: A diminutive of Mary. 
Priscilla: Advanced in years. 
Prudence: In Litin Prudenlia. 

Rachel: An ewe. 

Rebecca, or Rebekah: of enchant- 
ing beautv. 
Rhoda: A rose. 
Rosa: A rose. 



112 



FORE-iNAMES OF WOMEN. 



R.osabel, or Rosabella: A fair rose. 
Rosalia, or Rosalie: Little and 

blooming rose. 
Rosalind: Beautiful as a rose. 
Rosamond: Horse protection; or 

famous protection. 
Roxana: Dawn of day, 
Ruth: Beautj. 

Sabina: A Sabine woman. 

Sabrina: The river Severn. 

Salome: Peaceful. 

Salva: Safe. 

Sara, or Sarah, A prin ess. 

Selina: Parsley; otherwise moon 

Serina: Feminine of Serenus, or 

Sereno. 
S?byl, or Sibylla: A prophetess. 
Sophia: Wisdom. 
Sophronia Of a sound mind. 
Stella: A star. 

Stephana: Feminine of Stephen. 
Susan, Susanna, or Susannah: A 



Tabitha: A gazelle. 
Theodora: Feminine of Theodore. 
Theodosia: The gift of God. 
Theresa: Carrying ears of corn. 
Thomasa, or Thomasine: Femi- 
nine ofThomas. 
Tryphena: Delicate; luxurious. 
Tryphosa: Luxurious, dainty. 

Ulica: Rich. 
Urania: Heavenly. 
Ursula: She-bear: 

Valeria: Feminine of Valerius. 
\ictoria: Victory, or feminine of 

Victor. 
Viola: A violet. 
Virginia: Virgin; pure. 
Vivian: Lively ; cheerful. 
Wilhelmina: Feminine of Wilhelm^ 

German form of William. 
Winifred: A lover of peace. 
Zenobia: Having life from Jupiter. 



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A. 

PATERNAL HEAD [ aj^d material ] qF THE HOUSEHOLD. 

M]! full name is: 



Place of my birth: 


Date of mv birth: 


SIrhool atlendcd : 


Residence: 


Occupation: 


Positions held, traits of character, etc.: 





4K^ Inforraatiou of my forefathers {fiven on pases B, D, F. 

Place of my marriape : Da te of mv marriage . 



Full maiden name of my wif- 



Place of her birth . 



Date of her birth . 



School attended. 




« 


Her attainments 


, traits of character, etc. : 






as-i\ 


iformation of her forefathers given on pajres C, E, G. 


Christian 

Isf Child: 


Names 


of Our Children: Full Names to Whom Married: 

.Married to: 


Born: 




V)'fi\: Date of marrint'e: 


2nd Child: 




Marrhd to: 


Born: 




D'tpri: Date of rtiarriajre: 


3rd Child: 




Married to: 


Born : 




Died: Date of marriage: 



ith Child 



.Married, to: 



Born • 



Date of mnrriatre: 



5th Child: 

Born: 

6th Child: 

Born : 



Died: 



Marri'^d In. 



Date of marriaL'p: 



.Married to: 



Died: Date of marriape: 

>et^Wiieu married further information given on pages H, I, J. 



B. 

MY PARENTS. 



My father's full name is: 



Place of his birth. ■ 






Date of his lirlh ■ 


Residence: 






Occupation : 


Positions held, traits of character, etc. : ' 




Place of his death: 






Date of his death: 


Place of their marriaqe : 


formatiou of his 


forefathers 


g-iven on page D. 

Date of their marriage: 


Full maiden name of his 


wife : 







Place of her birth : 



Date of tier birth . 



Her attainments, traits of character, etc. 



Place of her death : Pate of her death : 




-8®" Information of her forefathers g-iven on page F. 


Christian Names of Their Children : Full Names to Whom Married : 

1st Child: Married to: 




Born: Died: Date of marriaee: 


2nd Child: ' Married to: 


Born: Died: Date of niarrintrp: 


3rd Child: .Married to: 



Born: 

Uh Child: 

Born : 

5th r^hild: 

Born: 

6th Child: 

Born: 



Died: 



Died: 



Date of marriacr: 



Married to: 

Date of niarriatrc: 

Married to: 

Date of marriage: 

Married to: 



Died: 



Died: 



Date of marriage: 



c. 

MY WIFE'S PARENTS. 

My wife's fathefs full name is: 



Place of his birffi : 


Date of his birth: 


Residence: 


Occupation: 


Positions held, tTaifs of character, efc : 






Date of his death: 


jft^ Information of his toreiathers g-iven on page E. 

Place of fhefr marriape : Date of their marriage : 


Full maiden name of his wife: 


Place of her birth : 


Date of her birth: 


Her attainments, traits of character, etc.-' 




Place of her death: 


Date of her death : 


J(faS" Informaiioii ot her 


forefathers g-iven on paffe G. 


Christian Names of Their Children : 
1st Child: 


Full Names to Whom Marriud: 
Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: - 


2nd Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriage: 


3rd Child: 


Married to: 


Born: Died: 


Date of marriag-e: 



ith Child: 



.Married to: 



Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriage: 


5th Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriage: 


6th Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of marriage: 



D. 

MY FATHER'S PARENTS. 

Mji FaiJier's father's full name is: 



Place of his birth : 


Date of his birth: 


Residence : 


Occupation : 


ffis father s full name uas : 


His mother's full maiden name was: 


Place of his death : 


Date of his death: 


Place of their marriaqe : 


Date of their marriage : 


Full maiden name of his wife: 


- 


Place of her birth : 


Date of her birth : 


Her father's full name was: 


Her mother's fitU maiden name was: 


Place of her de/'th : 


Date of her death: 




Christian Names of Their Children: 

1st Child: 


Full Names to Whom Married: 

Married to: 



Born: 


DVd: 


Date of marriac-e: 


2ndCtiild: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Dipd: 


Date of marriaffp: 


3rd Ctiild: 




Married to: 



Born: 

4th Cliild: 



Hied : Date of marriace: 



Married to: 



Born : 


Died: 


Date of mnrriaee: 


5th Child: 




Mnrri'd to: 




Died: 


Date of ninrriacro: 


6th Child: 




Married to: 


Born : 


Died: 


Date of marriape: 



RECORD OF MY - 

Mil th Child's full name is: 



I. 

-TH CHILD'S MARRIAGE. 



Place of birth . 



Date of birfh: 



School attended: 



Residence : Occupation : 



Traits of character, etc : 



Place of marriage : 


Date of marriage: 


Full name to whom married: 


Place of birth : 


Date of birth: 


School attended: 


Residence: 


Occupation: 


Traits of character, etc. : 


* 



Father's full name: 



Mother's full maiden name. 



Christian Names of Their Children ; 
1st Child: 



Fu!i Names to Whom Married: 
Married tn : 



Born: 



Died: 



Date of marrince: 



2nd Child: 

Born: 

SrdCMld: 

Born: 



Married to : 

Date of marriape: 

Married to: 

Date of marriatre: 



Died: 



Died: 



ith Child: 




Married to: 




Born : 


Died: 


Date of marriasre: 




5th Child: 




Married to: 




Born : 


Died: 


Date of niarriaere: 




6th Child: 




Married to: 





Born: 



Died: 



Date of marriage: 



RECORD OF MY - 

My ih Chil(Vs full name is: 



J. 

Til CIIILJJ'S MARRIAGE, 



Place of birili : 


Date of hirih: 




School ail ended: 


Residence: 


Occupation : 




Traits of character, etc : 




Date of marriage: 




Full name to ichom married ■ 






Place of birth : 


Date of birth: 




School attended: 


Residence: 


Occupation: 




Traits of character, etc. : 


Father's full name: 


Mother's full maiden name: 




Christian Names of Their Children : 

1st Child: 


Full Names to Whom Married : 

Married to: 





Born: 



i")ipd: 



Date of marriaee: 



2nd Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Pied: 


Date of marriagre: 


3rd Child: 




Married to: 


Born : 


Died: 


Date of niarriatre: 


iih Child: 




Married to: 



Born: 



Died: 



Date of marriag-e: 



5thC/iild: 
Born: 



Married to: 

Date of marriaire: 



Died: 



Oih Child: 



Married to: 

Date of marriagre: 



Born: 



Died: 



RECORD OF MY - 

Mjj th Child's full name is: 



K. 

-TH CHILD'S MARRIAGEo 



Flace of birth: 




Daieofhirih: 


School fi t fended: 


Residence: 




Occupation : 


Traits of character. 


etc. 





Place of marriage: 



Date of marriage: 



Full name to whom married : 



Place of birth : 


Date of birth: 


School attended: 


Residence: 


Occupation: 


Traits of character, etc. : 


Father's full name: 


Mother's full maiden name: 




Christian Names of Their Children: 

Isf Child: 


Full Names to Whom Married: 

Married to : 


Born: Dipd: 


Date of marrinire: 


2nd Child: 


Married to : 


Born: Died: 


Date of marring-p: 


3rd Child: 


.Varried to: 



Born : 



Died: 



Date of marriape: 



4fh Child: 




Married to: 


Born: 


Died: 


Date of ninrrintre: 


.5fh Child: 




Married to: 


Rorn: 


Du'd: 


Date of marriage: 


6th Child: 




.Varried to: 


Born: 


Dierl: 


Date ot marnafre: 



ISTAMES A^NT> ADDRESSES OF RELATIVES 

OK OTHER FACTS "WHICH SHOULD ' BE RECORDED. 



H 117 80 



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N. MANCHESTER, 
INDIANA 46962 






LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 





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